Ib lub hauv paus ntawm kev paub tam sim no yog khaws cia rau hauv lo lus paub "geometry". Feem ntau nco txog nws los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv thiab koom nrog cov duab, cov lej thiab cov ntawv pov thawj tsis kawg nrog nws, thaum qee qhov ua haujlwm nrog geometry txhua hnub. Yuav ua li cas los xij, qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau cim qhov pib ntawm kev tshawb pom bold nrog centimeter-raug suav tseeb.
keeb kwm me ntsis
Zoo li lwm yam kev tshawb fawb, geometry yog ib qho ntawm cov laus tshaj plaws, thiab nws cov keeb kwm hnub rov qab ntau txhiab xyoo BC. Lub npe ntawm cov kev kawm yog ancient Greek geometria los ntawm ge - Ntiaj teb thiab metreo - Kuv ntsuas, uas txhais tau tias ntsuas lub ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog ib qho kev coj ncaj ncees uas tau muab los ntawm nws cov poj koob yawm txwv.
Kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab nws cov neeg nyiam tau ua los ntawm cov neeg Greek thaum ub, tab sis thawj qhov hais txog geometry tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Iziv thaum ub. Cov Greeks hu lawv tus kheej cov thwj tim ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thiab muab piv txwv los ua pov thawj. Ntawm ib qho ntawm cov papyri, ib zaj dab neeg hais txog yuav ua li cas ib tug huab tais faibtsaws rau hauv ob lub duab plaub kom sau cov nyiaj tau los ntawm lawv. Yog tus Nile txeeb tau ib yam, ces vajntxwv thiaj txib neeg los ntsuas lub tebchaws thiab txo se. Cov lus dab neeg papyrus hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua BC.
Meanwhile, los ntawm lub xyoo pua 7 BC. e. thawj lub hauv paus ntawm geometry tuaj rau tim Nkij teb chaws thaum ub. Unformed, unexpressed. Tau ntau pua xyoo, txhua yam tau mob siab rau sau, xaj, ntxiv ntau thiab ntau dua tshiab fragments. Ua tsaug rau tus kws tshawb fawb zoo tshaj Thales ntawm Miletus, kev tshawb fawb ntawm geometry tau tsim. Nws yog thawj lub ncov nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm peaks uas yuav tsum conquered nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog Miletus uas yog thawj zaug ntsuas qhov siab ntawm Cheops pyramid.
Dab tsi yog geometry? Kev txhais ntawm Geometry
Geometry yog hu ua kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub cev thiab cov duab hauv qhov chaw. Los yog hais lus piv txwv, nws kawm txog qhov chaw thiab qhov loj ntawm txhua yam uas cuam tshuam rau txhua yam.
Geometry yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb. Nws yog siv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw:
- astronomy;
- geography;
- architecture;
- art;
- biology thiab anatomy;
- cinema thiab suab paj nruag.
Thiab li ntawd. Geometry pib hauv peb lub neej ua ntej peb yug los thiab muaj nyob thoob plaws hauv peb lub neej.
Kev ua haujlwm loj - ua haujlwm nrog yam tsis muaj nqi. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los tsim ib lub tsev yam tsis tau tig mus rau geometry, muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim lub tsev crooked, thiab nws yuav vau. Yog tias koj kos duab asymmetrical rau ntawm daim ntaub, nws yuav tsis zoo li tus neeg tiag tiag. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis hais tias geometry yog ib seemlej - kuj pab rau kev xam. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov ntawv no yog sau nyob rau hauv ib tug txawm, zoo tib yam tsiaj ntawv, thiab cov kab nyob rau hauv nws kuj yog parallel rau ib leeg. Uas yog heev ke rau kev nyeem ntawv. Geometry tau dhau los ua hauv peb lub neej uas peb tsis pom nws. Thiab nyob rau hauv vain. Ntau npaum li cas amazing architectural monuments tau khaws cia los ntawm yav dhau los! Thiab tag nrho vim hais tias cov builders tsim lawv kom ruaj khov li sai tau, geometrically raug. "minimalism" sab hauv style uas cov neeg niaj hnub nyiam ntau muaj cov duab meej, tsis tu ncua nrog ntau yam haujlwm, tab sis tsis muaj ntau dhau - qhov no yog geometry hauv daim ntawv yuav luag zoo meej. Cov piv txwv tej zaum yuav me me, tab sis txawm lawv coj kev txiav txim siab thiab ua tiav rau peb lub ntiaj teb.
ntu ntawm geometry
Tam sim no science muab faib ua ob ntu:
- Planimetry. Cov seem kawm cov lej hauv qhov txwv ntawm ib lub dav hlau (feem ntau nws yog lub rooj tsavxwm, phau ntawv sau, phab ntsa, ntsiav tshuaj).
- Stereometry. Ntu no kawm cov duab hauv qhov chaw (chav, tsev, lub teb chaws, ntug).
Thawj ntu teeb tsa cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev kawm thib ob. Raws li, lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam. Qhov txawv yog dab tsi? Yooj yim heev.
Cia peb xav tias ib tug neeg kos ib lub cim rau ntawm daim ntawv. Ib daim ntawv khoob nrog ib qho chaw nyob nruab nrab. Yog tias koj nce nws, ces nws tsuas yog qhov taw tes loj xwb. Los yog nruab nrab. Yog li, nws txoj kab uas hla tuaj yeem yog 4, 5, 10 centimeters, txhua yam. Raws li tus neeg xav tau. Thiab yog tias koj khiav koj txhais tes hla daim ntawv, tom qab ntawd hauv txhua qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw, tus neeg yuav hnov tsuas yog kov ntawm phau ntawv.daim ntawv. Tag nrho cov no yog Planimetry. Hauv qhov no, daim duab yog taw tes, thiab lub dav hlau yog ib daim ntawv.
Yog tias peb xav txog qhov taw tes ntawm sab ntawm stereometric, daim duab hloov pauv loj heev. Nws tuaj yeem xav tias qhov taw tes yog pob lossis txiv ntseej. Lub pob tuaj yeem nqa thiab txav mus rau lwm qhov, nrog rau cov txiv ntseej, uas tuaj yeem noj hauv chav ua noj. Lub ntsiab lus twb dhau los ua ib yam dab tsi voluminous, thiab ntau yam ntxiv tuaj yeem ua nrog nws. Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb, yog tias koj kos ib lub cim, thiab muab lub pob thiab cov txiv ntseej ntawm tib qhov loj thiab xim ntawm nws, tom qab ntawd saib saum toj no, koj tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog 3 qhov sib npaug. Nyob rau sab, qhov no twb yog ib tug kos duab ntawm ib tug dot thiab ob yam khoom.
geometry tom tsev kawm ntawv
Geometry tau kawm tau ntev. Txawm tias thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab gymnasiums. Kuj ceeb tias, ntau lub sij hawm dhau mus txij thaum ntawd los, qhov tsawg dua geometry tau kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Tau kawg, qhov no yog ua kom txhua tus menyuam kawm ntawv tau txais kev qhuab qhia zoo ib yam, nrog rau qhov muag ntawm qhov kev kawm no tsis tau pom los ntawm txhua tus.
Geometry raws li lub tsev kawm ntawv cov kev kawm yog kawm nyob rau theem pib, cov khoom yuav nyuaj dua txhua xyoo. Tsis ntev los no, nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv, nws tau qhia los ntawm qib tsib mus rau qib thib rau. Tam sim no cov ntaub ntawv kawm tau hloov pauv lawm, thiab cov menyuam yaus tau txais lawv thawj qhov kev paub txog geometry los ntawm thawj qib.
Qhov no ua tiav kom cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem npaj tau zoo dua rau cov haujlwm uas tos lawv hauv tsev kawm theem siab. Cov tub ntxhais kawm thawj zaug muaj kev nkag siab zoo ntawm qhov chaw, uas yuav tsim los ntawm kev kawm txog kev tshawb fawb, nws yooj yim dua rau lawv kom nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm geometry,Dab tsi yog nws, dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb, siv li cas.
Yuav ua li cas pab tau?
Tus txiv neej siv qhov zoo ntawm geometry ntawm qib subconscious, tsis suav nrog qhov tseeb ntawm kev siv science. Txawm li cas los xij, kev nkag siab txawm tias cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev kawm muaj txiaj ntsig:
- tsim lub tswv yim, tsim qauv peb sab hauv nws;
- nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm li cas;
- tsim ntawm topographic xav thiab orientation nyob rau hauv qhov chaw;
- muaj peev xwm tsim, tsim, tsim tawm cov txheej txheem;
- daws teeb meem yooj yim txhua hnub (piv txwv li, ntawm lub kaum sab xis kom tso lub koob yees duab kom lub koob yees duab nyob ruaj khov ntawm qhov chaw) thiab ntau ntxiv.
Qhov tseeb txog kev tshawb fawb
- Tsuas yog xyoo 600 BC. muaj kev sim ua kom pom tseeb lossis ua kom pom qhov geometry. Txog rau qhov no, txhua qhov tseeb tau nkag siab, yog qhov tsis muaj pov thawj.
- Abraham de Moivre pom tias lub sijhawm ntawm nws txoj kev pw tsaug zog tau nce 15 feeb, tom qab ntawd suav nrog hnub ntawm kev pw tsaug zog mus ib txhis. Thiab yog li ntawd tau tshwm sim, nyob rau hnub qhia nws tuag.
- Pi muaj hnub yug. Nyob Amelikas, nws yog lub Peb Hlis 14, vim nws zoo li 3, 14 (pib pib).
