Sanskrit hauv kev txhais lus txhais tau tias "ua kom zoo", "ntshiab", "dawb huv". Nws yog hu ua lus ntawm cov vajtswv. Cov ntawv Indian thaum ub hais txog Vedic vajtswv tau sau ua hom lus no thiab tau txais koob meej thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Cov lus Indian thaum ub Sanskrit yog raws li cov tsiaj ntawv Devanagari, uas kuj tsim lub hauv paus ntawm niaj hnub Hindi, Marathi thiab lwm yam lus.
Indian Literature
Cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Is Nrias teb yog txheej txheej qub qub ntawm Indian keeb kwm. Thawj, nrog txoj cai zoo, nws tau ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov tswv yim rau ib feem loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tag nrho. Cov ntaub ntawv Indian tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb lub sijhawm loj:
- Vedic (kwv yees ua ntej 2 xyoo pua BC),
- lub sijhawm epic, kev hloov pauv (ua ntej 4 xyoo pua AD),
- classic (rau hnub tim).
Ancient Indian Vedic Literature
Hauv Is Nrias teb, 2 hom dab neeg tseem ceeb tau lees paub hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev ntseeg:
- shruti (txhais tau tias "tau hnov"), qhia tawm qhov tshwm simkev tshwm sim ntawm Vajtswv;
- smriti (txhais ua "nco"), tsim los ntawm tus txiv neej thiab tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb.
Vedic cov ntawv muaj cov shrutis thiab tsawg tus smritis. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab ancient Veda yog Rigveda (veda ntawm zaj nkauj), uas muaj 1028 zaj nkauj. Lawv tau ua thaum rituals rau cov vajtswv. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog qhuas Vajtswv thiab thov kom lawv thov Vajtswv.
Lwm lub tswv yim qub hauv Is Nrias teb yog Upanishads. Nyob rau hauv lawv, nyob rau hauv ib tug so nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov dab neeg, riddles los yog kev sib tham, cov tswv yim sib sib zog nqus tau qhia tias tom qab tsim lub hauv paus ntawm philosophical qhia thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev ntseeg (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism).
Epic cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov lus Indian ancient ntawm Asia
Cov lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Vedic lig yog qhov txawv ntawm cov lus qub ntawm Rigveda thiab nyob ze rau classical Sanskrit. Ob qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab nto moo tshaj plaws epics nyob rau hauv Sanskrit coj dab neeg los ntawm lub Vedas, qhov chaw uas lawv tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug concise version.
"Mahabharata" thiab "Ramayana" yog qhov loj tshaj plaws epics sau ua lus Indian thaum ub. Lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau medieval thiab niaj hnub Hinduism thiab yog classics ntawm Sanskrit cov ntaub ntawv. Classical Sanskrit yog ua raws li cov cai uas tau teev tseg los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv sau los ntawm Panini thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 4th. BC e. Cov lus, embellished nrog complex stylistic lem, yog siv los ntawm Sanskrit kws sau paj lug, sau ntawv ntawm philosophical treatises, thiab playwrights.
Kub Indian hais txogCov neeg sawv cev thaum ntxov ntawm Indo-European tsev neeg ntawm cov lus. Nyob ze rau Iranian thaum ub. Hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus, lub sij hawm Vedic yog qhov txawv, tom qab Sanskrit tau yug los ntawm nws lub hauv paus.
Kub Indian Sanskrit
Sanskrit yog dav nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws ntawm Southeast thiab Central Asia. Siv hauv Is Nrias teb ua hom lus ntawm kev ntseeg, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev xav, nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus niaj hnub Indo-Aryan thiab Dravidian. Cov lus Indian thaum ub Sanskrit tsis yog cov thawj coj ntawm Middle Indian lus, tab sis tau tsim ua ke nrog lawv. Nws zoo ib yam li Latin hauv Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, siv ntau yam lus ntawm kev ntseeg.
Tau ntev, Sanskrit yog hom lus ntawm Is Nrias teb. Qhov no yog ib hom lus sau tau zoo, qhov twg cov kev cai yog honed rau kev ua tiav. Hais txog cov qauv, nws yog ib hom lus Indian thaum ub, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv Middle Indian lub sijhawm thiab tau khaws nws cov txheej txheem rau tam sim no.
Cov qauv grammatical ntawm cov lus muaj ntau cov lus hloov pauv: 8 rooj plaub, 6 lub siab xav, 3 lub suab, 2 lub ntsiab lus sib txuas thiab 10 cov lus qhia, ntau pua cov lus qhia, 3 tus lej hauv cov npe (singular, plural thiab dual). Hais txog kev muaj peev xwm hais tau, nws yog ntau zaus zoo dua rau txhua yam lus niaj hnub no.
Cov lus Sanskrit yog nplua nuj heev, muaj ntau cov lus sib dhos. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb yog siv cov lus nyuaj. Cov lus hais muaj ib daim ntawv uas yooj yim dua thiab muaj tsawg dua kev qhia. Ntawm txhua hom lus hauv ntiaj teb, Sanskrit muaj ntau tshaj plawscov lus loj, thaum tso cai rau koj ua ib kab lus nrog tsawg kawg nkaus tus lej ntawm cov lus.
Sanskrit in the modern world
Raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm cov kws paub lus Askiv kawm cov lus Indian thaum ub Sanskrit, nws yog ib hom lus zoo meej, zoo tagnrho rau kev nthuav qhia qhov zoo tshaj plaws nuances ntawm kev xav. Vim li ntawd thiaj li hu ua lus ntawm xwm, lus ntawm kev nco qab.
Nyob hauv Is Nrias teb, Sanskrit suav hais tias yog hom lus ntawm cov vajtswv, yog li tus uas paub hom lus no mus cuag vajtswv. Nws ntseeg tau tias lub suab ntawm Sanskrit yog nyob rau hauv lub ntuj sib haum xeeb nrog xwm thiab vibrations ntawm cosmos, yog li ntawd, txawm tsuas mloog cov ntawv nyob rau hauv no ancient Indian lus muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg thiab pab kev loj hlob ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Txhua mantras uas siv thaum lub sij hawm yoga asanas yog hais nyob rau hauv Sanskrit.
Nws tau raug tshawb fawb pov thawj tias lub xov tooj ntawm cov lus Indian thaum ub muaj kev sib txuas nrog lub zog ntawm tib neeg lub cev, yog li kev hais lus ntawm cov lus no txhawb nqa lawv, nce lub zog thiab tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab txo qis. kev ntxhov siab. Nws kuj yog ib hom lus nkaus xwb qhov twg tag nrho cov hlab ntsha xaus ntawm tus nplaig tau qhib thaum hais lus, uas txhim kho tag nrho cov kev ncig thiab lub hlwb ua haujlwm.
Universities rau kev kawm ntawm Sanskrit muaj nyob rau hauv 17 lub teb chaws thoob ntiaj teb. Nws tau raug pov thawj scientific tias kev kawm cov lus no txhim kho lub hlwb thiab kev nco. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob sab Europe, txoj kev kawm ntawm Sanskrit pib qhia raws li ib tug yuav tsum tau kawm ntawm qhov kev pab cuam. Sanskrit yog tib hom lus nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb uas muaj nyob rau ntau lab xyoo. Cov lus no tau hais ncaj qhalos yog indirect cuam tshuam rau 97% ntawm tag nrho cov lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.
