Chaw tsim khoom yog kauj ruam tshiab hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm noob neej. Kab lus hais txog qhov nws tshwm sim, qhia txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab keeb kwm.
Kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem peev txheej tau tshwm sim hauv cov tebchaws tsim kev lag luam nyob hauv Western Europe. Feudalism thim rov qab thiab poob nws txoj haujlwm. Ib theem tshiab ntawm kev txhim kho tau pib. Manufactory pib hloov cov kev cob qhia medieval. Manufactory ntau lawm yog ib qho lag luam raws li kev faib ua haujlwm, kev siv tes ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntiav. Lub heyday ntawm manufacturing ntau lawm ntog rau:
- nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th - lub xeem thib peb ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th nyob teb chaws Europe;
- thib ob ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19 nyob rau Russia.
Lub npe ntawm kev tsim khoom yog muab los ntawm ob lo lus Latin: manus - "tes", thiab factura - "manufacturing". Kev tsim khoom tsim khoom yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho, vim tias vim tias cov neeg ua haujlwm muaj kev tshwj xeeb nqaim thiab kev ua haujlwm sib cais, kev hloov mus rau kev tsim tshuab tau tshwm sim.
Vim li cas kev lag luam raug tshwm sim
Nrog cov keeb kwm, kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua, cov khoom lag luam pib pomnce, cov neeg tsim khoom me me pib muab faib ua pawg. Lawv qhib kev cob qhia tshiab, ntiav cov neeg ua haujlwm, khaws nyiaj ntau. Txhawm rau pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm, ua kom nrawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev tsim khoom tsim tawm ib txwm tsim.
qhov chaw tsim khoom pib qhov twg
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj qhov chaw tsim khoom hauv keeb kwm tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Europe hauv xyoo pua 16th ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Ltalis niaj hnub. Tom qab ntawd, Dutch, Lus Askiv, Fab Kis kev lag luam tsim.
koom nrog rau kev tsim cov khoom siv ntaub plaub thiab ntaub nyob hauv Florence; Venice thiab Genoa tsim shipbuilding. Mining tooj liab thiab nyiaj manufactories nyob rau hauv Tuscany thiab Lombardy.
Kev ywj pheej ntawm kev cob qhia thiab tsis muaj kev tswj hwm yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Nyob rau hauv Russia, thawj manufactory uas tshwm sim yog lub Cannon Yard (Moscow, 1525). Nws ua ke ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv qhov chaw tsim khoom, cov kws ua hlau, cov hlau, cov kws ntoo thiab lwm cov kws ua txuj ci. Tom qab Cannon Yard, Armory tau tshwm sim, qhov chaw kub thiab nyiaj tau minted, enamel thiab enamel tau tsim. Lwm cov chaw tsim khoom hauv tebchaws Russia yog Khamovny (linen) thiab Mint.
Yuav ua li cas manufactories tshwm
Chaw tsim khoom tau tshwm sim ntau txoj hauv kev. Yog tias cov chaw tsim khoom tawg ua haujlwm yog tsev tsev tsim khoom (thiab txhua yam yog qhov tseeb ntawm no), ces centralizedcoj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau yam khoom siv tes ua tshwj xeeb hauv qab nws lub ru tsev, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom lag luam txij thaum pib mus txog qhov kawg, tsis tas yuav txav mus los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thib ob, lub rooj cob qhia cov kws txawj ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke, uas tau koom nrog kev ua haujlwm tib yam.
Dab tsi yog manufactories
Muaj peb cov qauv tsim ntawm xws li hom kev tsim khoom raws li kev tsim khoom: tawg thiab hauv nruab nrab, nrog rau kev sib xyaw. Txhua daim ntawv muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Scattered manufactory yog ib qho system uas tus tswv ntawm lub chaw tsim khoom tau koom nrog muab cov kws ua txuj ci nrog cov khoom siv raw thiab cov cuab yeej tsim nyog, thiab tom qab ntawd muag lawv cov khoom tiav.
Hauv lub chaw tsim khoom nruab nrab, txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm ntiav tau nyob hauv tib chav ua haujlwm. Nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm sib cais ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog kev ua haujlwm hauv ib qho kev cob qhia tau pom. Centralized manufactories muaj hom raws li cov ceg ntawm kev ua si. Feem ntau yog textile, mining, metallurgical, printing, qab zib, ntawv, porcelain thiab faience.
Centralized manufactory yog ib daim ntawv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev teeb tsa kev ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam, qhov twg cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis suav nrog kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm,ua ntau yam haujlwm ua haujlwm. Kev kav ntawm Peter I nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm manufactories tau nco ntsoov los ntawm cov tsos ntawm lub xeev, patrimonial, muaj, tub lag luam thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb industries. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev lag luam tau ua ib qho kev hloov kho tshiab rau cov chaw tsim khoom es tsis yog cov kws ua txuj ci. 200 - uas yog pes tsawg Petus lub chaw tsim khoom tau tshwm sim. Txawm hais tias cov peev txheej tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv Lavxias, kev siv cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ua rau cov khoom lag luam zoo li.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov nruab nrab thiab cov chaw tsim khoom tawg ua ke
Keeb kwm, ob hom kev tsim khoom tuaj yeem paub meej meej. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb uas qhov chaw tsim khoom hauv nruab nrab txawv ntawm ib qho kev tawg yog qhov ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm. Hauv thawj kis, lawv txhua tus tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv tib lub ru tsev, hauv qhov thib ob lawv tau nyob hauv lawv cov kev cob qhia me me. Qhov chaw ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom nruab nrab thiab tawg tawg tau txiav txim siab txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab tus tswv.
Dab tsi ua rau cov chaw tsim khoom sib txawv
Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tau hais los saum toj no. Tab sis muaj ob peb lub ntsiab lus ntxiv uas koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb hom kev tsim khoom yog dab tsi nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm koj: tawg los yog centralized tsim. Qhov sib txawv yog raws li nram no: cov tswv ntawm lub hauv paus kev lag luam feem ntau yog cov tuam txhab lag luam hauv xeev ncaj qha nyiaj txiag los ntawm lub xeev cov peev nyiaj, lossis cov neeg ntiag tug, uas lub xeev tau tso cai tshwj xeeb rau lub sijhawm ntev. Scattered manufactory yog cov lag luam ntiag tug- tswv.
Kev sib piv ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom hauv nruab nrab thiab tawg tawg tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv los ntawm qhov muaj zog sib txawv. Qhov zoo ntawm thawj:
- tsis ntshai kev sib tw;
- cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis thiab qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm tau siv.
Pros ntawm tawg tawg ntau lawm:
- sib faib manufactory yog lub sijhawm los txo tus nqi;
- ze li qhov tsis muaj nqi kom nrawm nrawm lossis txo cov zis;
- peb lab.
Vim li cas thiaj xav tau kev tsim khoom?
Kev tsim khoom sib xyaw tseem ceeb dhau los ua ib qho kev hloov pauv los ntawm kev tawg mus rau hauv nruab nrab. Nws tau los ua ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev tsim khoom hauv nruab nrab nrog kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev. Feem ntau cov kev lag luam sib xyaw tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsev nyob qhov twg handicrafts prevailed. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum xub thawj, nws yog cov chaw tsim khoom sib xyaw uas tsim cov khoom lag luam, xws li watches. Ntau yam me me ntawm tus kheej tau tsim los ntawm cov kws txawj me me, thiab kev sib dhos tau ua tom qab hauv kev cob qhia ua lag luam.
Leej twg ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom?
Raws li kev tsim khoom tsim, yog li ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus thiab tawg ua haujlwm. Cov neeg ua haujlwm raug quab yuam ua haujlwm ntawm lub xeev cov tuam txhab lag luam - xeev cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm. Cov serfs ua hauj lwm rau cov tswv av ntawm lub patrimonial manufactories, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nyob rau hauv lub lag luam vaj tse. Cov tub lag luam, thaum txhim kho lawv cov kev tsim khoom, siv ob qho tib si quab yuam cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm pej xeem ua lub zog ua haujlwm.ntawm cov neeg. Tus neeg ua liaj ua teb kuj muaj sijhawm los qhib lub chaw tsim khoom, thiab nws tsuas yog ntiav cov neeg ua haujlwm ywj pheej nyob ntawd.
Txoj kev lag luam tawg yog lub sijhawm rau cov neeg txom nyem hauv zos los txhim kho lawv lub neej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv thaum tsis muaj peev xwm txaus los muab rau tus kheej thiab tsev neeg, muaj ib lub tsev thiab ib tug me me daim av, nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau ib co yam ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntxiv. Tus txiv neej pluag, uas paub yuav ua li cas ntaub plaub, ua nws rau hauv xov paj thaum nws tau txais nws. Tus neeg ua lag luam tau muab cov xov paj uas tau txais, xa mus rau tus neeg ua haujlwm tom ntej, uas twb tau xaws ntaub los ntawm cov xov paj, thiab mus txog rau qhov kawg tshwm sim.
Lub xeev tau koom tes hauv kev tsim cov chaw tsim khoom. Nws tau qhia txog kev lag luam monopoly rau kev tsim cov khoom tshwj xeeb, xws li ntsev, luam yeeb, lard, wax, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no ua rau lub fact tias cov nqi tau nce, thiab lub cib fim rau cov tub lag luam ua lag luam poob. Kuj tseem muaj kev nce se ncaj qha. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm manufactories nyob rau hauv Russia yog nthuav. Thaum lub sijhawm nws tseem yog lub nroog tsis zoo, cov tub lag luam raug yuam kom tsiv mus rau nws los pab txhim kho. Cov txheej txheem tswj hwm tau qhia los tswj cov khoom thauj. Qhov no feem ntau ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam raug puas tsuaj.
