Kev ua lag luam yog lub tswv yim loj heev. Yog li, muaj nyiaj txiag, kev nqis peev, kev lag luam nyiaj txiag. Tab sis tseem nrov tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntau yam hnub no tseem yog cov khoom. Peb yuav txheeb xyuas qhov kev lag luam no kom ntxaws hauv kab lus no. Peb yuav muab nws cov lus txhais, xav txog cov qauv, paub txog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tau zoo, thiab faib cov kev lag luam zoo li no.
Definition
Cov khoom lag luam yog thaj chaw ntawm kev sib pauv khoom lag luam. Ib qho kev txhais ntau dua: kev ua lag luam, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam, kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub koom haum tsom rau kev txhawb nqa cov khoom lag luam los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom mus rau tus neeg yuav khoom zaum kawg.
Cov khoom lag luam yog ib qho kev sib pauv ntawm cov khoom lag luam, uas yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev muag khoom. Qhov no kuj yog lub npe ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam, qhov twg cov khoom raug muag.
Cov ntsiab lus
Kev lag luam khoom lag luam yog kev sib xyaw ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus: qhov kev thov ntawm cov pej xeem, cov khoom lag luam thiab cov khoom muag. Cia peb nyias nyias.
Kev thov yog tag nrhohnyav kev xav tau ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub xeev. Cov khoom no yuav txiav txim siab tag nrho cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ua ke nrog tus nqi nyiaj uas lawv muaj peev xwm muab rau cov khoom.
Nqi yog ib qho kev qhia txog nyiaj txiag ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Hauv qhov no, tus nqi yuav txawv ntawm tus nqi rau ntau yam:
- Tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj. Nws yuav raug cuam tshuam ncaj qha los ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov kub, dhau los ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom thaum kawg qhia.
- Nyiaj txiag hauv kev uas tsis phim tus nqi kub uas hloov nws.
- Tus nqi tsim nyog thiab cov khoom zoo. Nws yog cov neeg siv khoom siv uas yuav txiav txim siab tus nqi sib piv ntawm qee yam khoom, lawv ntau yam thiab hom.
- Cov xwm txheej rau kev muag khoom ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev thov, cuam tshuam kev lag luam hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi.
Cov khoom lag luam yuav txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom loj xa los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom muag. Peb qhov chaw tseem ceeb sawv tawm ntawm no - cov no yog cov khoom lag luam ntshuam, kev tsim khoom loj hauv tsev thiab cov khoom lag luam hauv warehouses.
yam cuam tshuam rau tus nqi
Tom tau txheeb xyuas lub tswv yim ntawm kev lag luam khoom lag luam, cia peb ua tib zoo saib nws cov khoom loj tshaj plaws - tus nqi. Qhov no yog tus nqi uas tsim los ntawm ntau yam. Economists muab faib ua ob qhov kev txiav txim.
thawj yam khoom:
- Lub xeev ntawm nyiaj txiag sphere. Qhov no yog hais txog tus nqi pauv, nrog rau kev yuav khoom ntawm lub zognyiaj.
- nqe kev cai. Ob lub xeev thiab monopoly kev cai.
- Qhov piv ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev thov hauv khw muag khoom.
- Tus nqi tsim khoom. Tus nqi cuam tshuam los ntawm cov nyiaj tau los thiab cov nqi tsim khoom.
Qhov thib ob xaj yog:
- Tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus neeg siv khoom thiab tus neeg xa khoom ntawm cov khoom.
- nqe lus them nqi.
- Price franking.
- khoom zoo.
- khoom ntim.
Key Performance indicators
Kev ua lag luam ntawm cov khoom lag luam yuav raug txiav txim los ntawm ntau qhov ntsuas. Ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov hauv qab no:
- Cov khoom lag luam muaj peev xwm. Qhov no yog hais txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm qee yam khoom hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb - nrog rau qee qhov kev xav tau, cov khoom muag thiab cov nqi muag khoom.
- Dynamics ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam. Taug qab thoob plaws ntau qhov kev lag luam. Kev sib txuas, lawv tsim ib qho khoom lag luam ntawm lub xeev.
- Qhov kev sib txawv ntawm kev ua lag luam. Qhov no yog qhov kev pab cuam los ntawm ib yam khoom ntawm haiv neeg, hnyav, thaj chaw muaj peev xwm ntawm pej xeem hauv lub xeev.
- Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom muag. Qhov parameter yuav txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv. Thaum txheeb xyuas cov khoom lag luam, nws tau pom tseeb tias cov neeg yuav khoom tso qhov kev xav tau ntau ntxiv ntawm cov ntsuas hauv qab no: kev nyab xeeb ntawm ob qho tib si ntim thiab kev siv cov khoom no, ua raws li cov qauv ib puag ncig, ua raws li daim ntawv lo,muab kev pab cuam tom qab muag.
- khoom sib tw. Qhov no yog hais txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb kom ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm kev ua lag luam ntawm lub sijhawm.
Kev faib tawm thaj chaw
Qhov no yog kev faib tawm raws li thaj chaw thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Kev lag luam sib cais ntawm cheeb tsam yog qhov txawv, uas tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv cov kab ke ntawm ib lub xeev lossis lawv pawg raws li tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus. Cov khoom muag yuav tsis cuam tshuam ntawm no.
Yog li, lub khw muag khoom thoob ntiaj teb suav nrog cov hauv qab no:
- Latin American lag luam.
- African kev lag luam.
- Oceanian thiab Australian kev lag luam.
- Western European lag luam.
- Asian lag luam.
- Kev lag luam hauv Russia thiab Eastern Europe.
- North American Markets.
- Kev lag luam hauv Middle East.
Y
Kev faib tawm los ntawm cov khoom lag luam-kev lag luam yam ntxwv
Ib qho kev faib tawm ntxiv ntawm cov ncauj lus ntawm kev lag luam khoom lag luam kuj muaj ntau. Qhov no yog kev faib los ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv paus:
- khoom tiav. Cov no yog kev lag luam rau cov khoom siv thiab tshuab, kev lag luam thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev, thiab lwm yam khoom tiav.
- Semi-finished khoom thiab raw khoom. Cov qeb suav nrog kev lag luam rau cov khoom siv raw, roj, hav zoov thiab cov khoom ua liaj ua teb.
- Kev pabcuam. Peb pawg tseem ceeb dua ntxiv: kev lag luam rau kev thauj mus los, kev tsim txuj ci, lwm yam kev pabcuam.
Cov no nyob deb ntawm cov qeb kawg thiab cov pawg sub. Hauv kuv tus kheejlawv yuav muab faib ua me me. Yog li, kev lag luam rau cov khoom siv raw khoom yog cov lag luam hauv qab no:
- steel;
- platinum;
- steel pipe;
- nickel;
- tshuaj:
- pob zeb diamond;
- precious hlau thiab ntau dua.
Piv txwv li, peb tuaj yeem xav txog kev lag luam roj. Nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej, nws yuav muab faib ua lag luam me. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog cov khoom siv roj thiab roj. Qhov no yog qhov hu ua "sib koom" qeb ntawm cov khoom. Qhov tseeb yog cov khoom los ntawm pawg no tsuas yog tau los ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm lwm hom khoom.
Kev txwv tsis pub dhau
Txoj kev txwv ntawm cov khoom lag luam yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txheej txheem uas txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm. Lub degree ntawm monopolization ntawm kev ua lag luam plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm no. Cov nram qab no ntau yam txawv hauv daim teb no:
- Monopoly. Muaj ib tus neeg muag khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom tsis txwv ntawm lub khw.
- Monopsony. Muaj ntau tus neeg faib khoom tsis txwv rau ib tus neeg yuav khoom.
- Oligopsony. Lub khw muaj tsawg tus neeg muag khoom thiab cov neeg yuav khoom tsis txwv.
- Polypoly, polypsony. Kev ua lag luam tej yam kev mob uas coj nws los ze zog rau kev sib tw zoo meej yam tsis muaj kev txwv.
Yam kev lag luam monopoly
Yog li, thaj tsam ntawm kev lag luam khoom lag luam feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev ua lag luam. Nws qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog qhov tseeb concentration ntawm cov khoom muab. Muaj ib lub khw muag khoomtuaj yeem nthuav tawm hauv peb hom:
- Monopolistic. Kev ua lag luam yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm ib tus neeg muag khoom.
- Oligopolistic. Lub khw yog sawv cev los ntawm ib pawg me ntawm cov neeg muag khoom loj.
- Atomistic. Nws tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj siab ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb, uas ua rau muaj kev sib tw hnyav hauv kev ua lag luam.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov no yog ib qho kev faib tawm ntau yam. Hauv kev ua lag luam tiag tiag, muaj ntau hom kev ua haujlwm ntawm ob qho tib si monopolization nws tus kheej thiab kev sib tw.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg muag khoom thiab cov neeg siv khoom
Cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua lag luam tuaj yeem muab faib kom raug ntau dua los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm nws ob tus neeg koom nrog - cov neeg muag khoom thiab cov neeg yuav khoom. Nws kuj tso cai rau koj los txiav txim cov yam ntxwv ntawm monopolization, kev tswj hwm hauv xeev ntawm ntu kev lag luam, cov txheej txheem thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom muab.
Li no cov khoom lag luam feem ntau muab faib ua ob ntu:
- Qhib. Cov no yog kev lag luam luv luv, kev lag luam wholesale sab hauv, kev lag luam dawb. Cov tom kawg tau muab faib ntxiv rau hauv qhov chaw ua lag luam, kev pauv pauv thiab kev lag luam dub.
- Kawm. Qhov kev lag luam no suav nrog kev lag luam mus sij hawm ntev, kev sib koom ua lag luam thiab kev xa khoom me me, nrog rau kev lag luam tshwj xeeb thiab kev lag luam.
Cia peb nthuav qhia cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntxiv ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm cov khoom lag luam.
Kawmsector
Lub lag luam kaw yog ib feem ntawm kev ua lag luam uas cov neeg sib tw yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib raug zoo uas tsis yog kev lag luam nkaus xwb.
Cia peb xav txog cov ntu tseem ceeb ntawm kev kaw haujlwm ntawm cov khoom lag luam:
- Intra-company khoom xa tuaj. Qhov no suav nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm lub hauv paus chaw ua haujlwm thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm, ceg ntawm ib lub tuam txhab loj.
- Sub-cov khoom siv ntawm cov tuam txhab nruab nrab thiab cov tuam txhab me me. Lawv ua ntawm no ua cov neeg cog lus ntawm kev ua lag luam loj dua nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev tshwj xeeb thiab kev koom tes.
- Kev lag luam tshwj xeeb, uas yog cov khoom lag luam raws li kev pab cuam, kev cog lus tshwj xeeb hauv tsoomfwv.
- Kev lag luam cuam tshuam nrog kev xa tawm cuam tshuam txog kev lag luam.
Qhib Sector
Kev qhib kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom lag luam, qhov laj thawj, zoo li qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov tau hais los saum toj no. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam uas sib cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib raug zoo uas tsuas yog kev lag luam hauv xwm.
Lub khw qhib kev lag luam yog dab tsi? Cov ntu no yog:
- Kev cog lus luv luv. Cov haujlwm no txawv ntawm lwm tus los ntawm lawv qhov ceev. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tau xaus rau lub sijhawm txwv - txog li 1-1.5 xyoo.
- Los ntawm khw muag khoom mus rau wholesale.
- Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev lag luam dawb. Lub tswv yim no hais txog kev lag luam kev lag luam uas tsis muaj kev txwv rau kev sib tw dawb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov tshwm sim no tsis tuaj yeem hu ua qhov zoo. Tom qab tag nrho, kev ua lag luam dawb tsis yog qhov chaw thiab pauv xwbkev lag luam, tab sis kuj tag nrho cov txhaum cai, kev ua txhaum cai ntawm kev muag thiab kev yuav khoom uas koom ua ke los ntawm ib lub tswv yim - "dub lag luam".
Sib cais, kev lag luam mus sij hawm ntev yuav tsum tau hais txog. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi los ntawm kev kaw lossis qhib kev lag luam ntawm kev lag luam. Es tsis txhob, lawv tuav ib qho chaw nruab nrab hauv qhov kev faib tawm no. Qhov no yog ib daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom sib pauv, uas, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, yog yus muaj los ntawm kev sib raug zoo mus rau lub lag luam mus sij hawm ntev - los ntawm 2 mus rau 25 xyoo. Kev lag luam mus sij hawm ntev txiav txim siab cov qauv ntawm kev nyiam nyiaj txiag kev sib raug zoo. Kev lag luam ntawm no tsuas yog ua raws li kev cog lus ua lag luam, suav nrog kev koom tes ntev ntawm tus neeg muag khoom thiab tus neeg yuav khoom.
Cov khoom lag luam, txawm tias nws yog hom kev lag luam feem ntau, yog ib hom ntawv loj heev. Qhov no yog qhia ob qho tib si los ntawm nws qhov kev faib tawm thiab kev txheeb xyuas ntawm cov qauv. Cov khoom lag luam tau muab faib ua cov khoom kaw thiab qhib. Nws tau muab qhab nia raws li thaj chaw, khoom muag thiab kev lag luam yam ntxwv. Kev faib tawm raws li qib ntawm monopolization tseem yuav qhia ntau txog nws. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nws yog lub khw no uas ua haujlwm rau kev sib pauv khoom lag luam. Uas yog embodied purely nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm ntau yam kev cog lus rau kev muag khoom ntawm cov kev pab cuam, raw khoom, tiav lawm cov khoom, scientific inventions, tshuab, thiab lwm yam.
