Vim li cas tib neeg thiaj xav tau daim ntawv qhia hnub? Qhov no yog ib lo lus nug uas tsis xav tau cov lus teb. Yog tsis muaj nws, tib neeg yuav tsis meej pem nyob rau lub sijhawm, tsis paub txog thaum twg qee yam xwm txheej hauv ntiaj teb tau tshwm sim, tab tom tshwm sim lossis npaj rau yav tom ntej. Tsis tsuas yog xyoo thiab hli xwb, tab sis txawm hnub, feeb, vib nas this yuav tsum tau suav. Rau qhov no, cov ancients tuaj nrog lub tswv yim ntawm systematizing lub sij hawm. Muaj ntau daim ntawv qhia hnub sib txawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb qub thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej.
Ib tug yog Julian. Nws tau siv los ntawm cov neeg European mus txog 1582, thiab tom qab ntawd tau hloov los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Gregory XIII - Pope ntawm Rome - nrog Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Thiab yog vim li cas tig tawm hnyav: hnub Julian tau ua txhaum nrog qhov tsis raug. Vim li cas daim ntawv teev hnub qub tsis zoo tag nrho, thiab koj tau ua li cas los daws qhov teeb meem no? Qhov no yuav tham.
xyoo kub
Ib daim ntawv qhia hnub yog qhov tseeb thaum nws phim lub voj voog astronomical. Hauv particular, lub xyoo yuav tsum coincide nrog lub sij hawm uas lub ntiaj teb ua ib tug tag nrho kiv puag ncig ntawm lub hnub. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv astronomical, lub sijhawm nokwv yees li sib npaug li 365 hnub thiab 6 teev. Qhov no yog lub xyoo tropical, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm chronology. Raws li koj paub, xyoo ib txwm ntawm peb daim ntawv qhia hnub niaj hnub muaj 365 hnub. Yog li ntawd, txhua plaub xyoos muaj ib hnub ntxiv. Qhov no yog qhov uas Lub Ob Hlis 29 los ntawm xyoo leap. Qhov no yog ua kom haum rau xyoo tropical thiab daim ntawv qhia hnub.
Thaum lub sijhawm Gregory XIII, tsis muaj leej twg paub txog lub sijhawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev hloov pauv, tab sis muaj lawv tus kheej txoj hauv kev los txiav txim siab qhov tseeb ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub. Rau cov thawj coj ntawm lub Koom Txoos, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav equinox, raws li lub sij hawm ntawm qhov pib ntawm Christian Easter tau txiav txim siab, tuaj rau tib hnub, uas yog, raws li xav, nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 21. Tab sis ib zaug nws tau muab tawm tias hnub qhia hauv Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub txawv ntawm qhov chaw sov ib los ntawm 10 hnub. Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav equinox poob rau lub Peb Hlis 11th. Txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv tau nthuav qhia daim ntawv qhia hnub, tsuas yog muaj npe tom qab Gregory XIII.
Roman daim ntawv qhia hnub
Tus thawj ntawm Julian yog Roman daim ntawv qhia hnub, tsim nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm raws li kev paub qiv los ntawm cov pov thawj ntawm Egypt thaum ub. Xyoo, raws li qhov xwm txheej no, tau suav txij Lub Ib Hlis 1. Thiab qhov no coincided nrog Julian hnub ntawm nws pib thiab nrog tom qab European kab lig kev cai.
Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawd lawv tseem tsis tau paub yuav suav cov astronomical cycles nrog qhov tseeb. Yog li ntawd, lub xyoo, raws li Roman daim ntawv qhia hnub, tsuas yog 355 hnub. Cov ancients pom qhov tsis sib xws nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav dlhos lawv cov hnub nrog rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlavequinoxes, thaum kawg ntawm Lub Ob Hlis lub hlis ntxiv tau muab tso rau raws li xav tau. Tab sis kev txiav txim siab txog qhov no los ntawm tsev kawm qib siab ntawm cov pov thawj Roman tsis yog ib txwm ua tib zoo, feem ntau hloov kho rau kev nom kev tswv es tsis yog kev xav txog hnub qub. Yog vim li cas thiaj muaj qhov yuam kev loj.
Julius Caesar's calendar conversion
Daim ntawv qhia hnub tseeb dua, hu ua Julian hauv kev hwm ntawm Julius Caesar, tau sau los ntawm Alexandrian astronomers thiab saws nyob rau hauv ancient Rome nyob rau hauv 45 BC. Nws synchronized lub voj voog ntawm xwm thiab tib neeg lub cev ntawm suav xyoo, hli thiab hnub. Hnub Julian rau vernal equinox tam sim no ua raws li daim ntawv qhia hnub kub, nrog rau ib xyoos ntawm 365 hnub. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog kev qhia txog lub sijhawm tshiab, muaj hnub ntxiv, uas tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv qhia hnub txhua plaub xyoos.
Thiab nws tau khiav los ntawm cov uas twb tau hais lawm, tsis yog yav dhau los suav nrog los ntawm cov neeg qub, lub hnub qub rau lub sijhawm xav tau rau lub ntiaj teb kom ua tiav nws txoj kev tig ncig lub hnub. Nov yog xyoo leap thiab hnub Julian ntawm ib hnub ntxiv rau Lub Ob Hlis tshwm sim.
qhov yuam kev tuaj qhov twg
Tab sis yog tias qhov tseeb rov qab los rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau rov qab los, thiab daim ntawv qhia hnub ntawm cov neeg qub tau zoo ib yam li peb niaj hnub no, nws tshwm sim li cas thaum lub sijhawm Gregory XIII xav tau kev hloov kho dua? Yuav ua li cas hnub Julian ntawm vernal equinox rau tag nrho 10 hnub?
Nws yooj yim heev. Ntxiv 6 teev, ntawm qhov twg txhua plaub xyoos ib qho ntxivhnub ntawm leap xyoo, nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau dua kev ntsuas, raws li nws muab tawm tom qab, tsuas yog 5 teev 48 feeb thiab txog 46 vib nas this. Tab sis lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm kuj txawv, nws yuav ntau los yog tsawg ntawm ib xyoos rau ib xyoo. Cov no yog cov yam ntxwv astronomical ntawm kev tig ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb.
Cov 11 feeb thiab ob peb vib nas this tau pom tsis tag rau lub sijhawm ntev, tab sis tom qab ntau pua xyoo lawv hloov mus rau 10 hnub. Yog li ntawd, cov thawj coj ntawm lub Koom Txoos nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th tau suab lub tswb, paub txog qhov xav tau kev hloov kho thiab kev txhais cov hnub ntawm Julian mus rau hnub ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab.
Kev lees paub ntawm Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub
Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Pope hauv 1582 thaum Lub Kaum Hli, tom qab 4th, 15th tuaj tam sim ntawd. Qhov no coj lub tsev teev ntuj daim ntawv qhia hnub nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog lub ntuj cycles ntawm xwm. Yog li, cov hnub ntawm Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub tau muab txhais ua Gregorian tshiab.
Tab sis cov kev hloov pauv no tsis tau txais los ntawm txhua tus thiab tsis yog tam sim ntawd. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog kev xav txog kev cai dab qhuas, vim hais tias tsuas yog thaum lub sij hawm Protestant tawm tsam Catholic zog tau txais lub zog. Thiab yog li ntawd, cov adherents ntawm no qauv tsis xav ua raws li lub decrees ntawm lub Pope. Kev hloov kho ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub nyob hauv Europe tau ncav cuag ntau pua xyoo. Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv thiab Sweden, ib tug tshiab system ntawm chronology tau txais yuav tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov no tshwm sim txawm tias tom qab, tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1918, thaum ib tug decree kos npe los ntawm V. I. Lenin
Orthodox daim ntawv qhia hnub
Tab sis lub Koom Txoos Orthodox hauv Russia, uas tsis xa mus rau Romantxiv, tsis xav pom zoo nrog lub decree ntawm tsoom fwv. Thiab vim hais tias daim ntawv qhia hnub Christian txawm nyob rau hauv cov hnub tseem tsis tau hloov. Nws txoj kev hloov kho tseem tsis tau ua tiav txawm tias niaj hnub no, thiab cov hnub so hauv tsev teev ntuj tseem ua kev zoo siab raws li lub npe qub. Tib txoj kev coj noj coj ua tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Serbian thiab Georgian Orthodox Churches, nrog rau Catholics hauv Ukraine thiab Greece.
Hnub Gregorian tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hnub Julian los ntawm rho tawm 13 hnub los ntawm tus lej lees paub. Tias yog vim li cas Christmas hauv Russia tsis ua kev zoo siab tsis yog lub Kaum Ob Hlis 25, tab sis rau Lub Ib Hlis 7, thiab Xyoo Tshiab los yuav luag ob lub lis piam tom qab daim ntawv qhia hnub ib.
