Rau peb txhua tus, daim ntawv qhia hnub yog qhov paub thiab txawm tias qhov zoo tib yam. Tib neeg txoj kev tsim kho thaum ub no kho hnub, lej, hli, lub caij nyoog, lub caij nyoog ntawm cov xwm txheej ntuj, uas yog raws li kev txav ntawm lub cev xilethi-aus: Lub hli, Hnub, hnub qub. Lub ntiaj teb cheb hla lub hnub ci orbit, tawm xyoo thiab ib-paus xyoo tom qab.
hnub hli
Nyob rau hauv ib hnub lub ntiaj teb ua ib tug ua tiav kiv puag ncig nws tus kheej axis. Nws mus ncig lub hnub ib xyoos ib zaug. Ib lub hnub ci lossis hnub qub hnub qub kav peb puas thiab rau caum-tsib hnub, tsib teev, plaub caug yim feeb, thiab plaub caug-tsib vib nas this. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj tus lej ntawm hnub. Li no qhov nyuaj ntawm kev kos ib daim ntawv qhia hnub raug rau lub sijhawm raug.
Cov neeg Loos Ancient, Greeks siv daim ntawv qhia hnub yooj yim thiab yooj yim. Kev yug dua tshiab ntawm lub hli tshwm sim ntawm lub sijhawm 30 hnub, thiab kom meej meej, hauv nees nkaum cuaj hnub, kaum ob teev thiab 44 feeb. Vim li ntawd, hnub, thiab lub hli, tuaj yeem suav raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm lub hli.
Thaum pib muaj kaum nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia hnub nolub hli uas tau muaj npe raws li Roman vajtswv. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua peb BC, lub ntiaj teb no thaum ub siv ib qho analogue raws li lub voj voog plaub xyoos lunisolar, uas tau ua yuam kev rau tus nqi ntawm lub hnub ci hauv ib hnub.
Nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv, lawv siv lub hnub ci hnub ci raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm Lub Hnub thiab Sirius. Xyoo raws li nws yog peb puas rau caum tsib hnub. Nws muaj kaum ob lub hlis ntawm peb caug hnub. Tom qab nws tas sij hawm, tsib hnub ntxiv tau ntxiv. Qhov no tau tsim los ua "nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm kev yug los ntawm vajtswv."
History of the Julian calendar
Kev hloov pauv ntxiv tau tshwm sim hauv 46 BC. e. Julius Caesar, tus huab tais ntawm Rome thaum ub, qhia txog Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub raws li tus qauv Iyiv. Nyob rau hauv nws, lub hnub ci lub xyoo yog coj raws li tus nqi ntawm lub xyoo, uas yog me ntsis ntev dua lub astronomical ib tug thiab yog peb puas thiab rau caum-tsib hnub thiab rau teev. Thawj lub Ib Hlis yog pib ntawm lub xyoo. Christmas raws li Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub pib ua kev zoo siab rau hnub xya ntawm Lub Ib Hlis. Yog li muaj kev hloov pauv mus rau lub sijhawm tshiab.
Kev ua tsaug rau kev hloov kho, Senate ntawm Rome tau hloov npe lub hli Quintilis, thaum Caesar yug, rau Julius (tam sim no nws yog Lub Xya Hli). Ib xyoos tom qab, tus huab tais raug tua, thiab cov pov thawj Roman, txawm tias tawm ntawm qhov tsis paub lossis txhob txwm tshaj tawm, rov pib tsis meej pem daim ntawv qhia hnub thiab pib tshaj tawm txhua xyoo peb xyoo leap. Yog li ntawd, txij li plaub caug plaub mus rau cuaj xyoo BC. e. tsis yog cuaj, kaum ob xyoo leap tau tshaj tawm.
Tus huab tais Octivian Lub Yim Hli tau cawm qhov xwm txheej. Los ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim, hauv qab notsis muaj leap xyoo rau kaum rau xyoo, thiab lub suab ntawm daim ntawv qhia hnub tau rov qab los. Hauv nws txoj kev hwm, lub hli ntawm Sextilis tau hloov lub npe Augustus (Lub Yim Hli).
Lub sijhawm ua ke ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hnub so tseem ceeb heev rau lub Koom Txoos Orthodox. Hnub ntawm kev ua koob tsheej ntawm Easter tau tham txog ntawm Thawj Ecumenical Council, thiab qhov teeb meem no tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb. Cov kev cai tsim los ntawm Pawg Sab Laj rau kev suav tseeb ntawm kev ua koob tsheej no tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv raws li qhov mob anathema.
Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub
Lub taub hau ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic Pope Gregory lub kaum peb nyob rau hauv 1582 tau pom zoo thiab qhia ib daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab. Nws hu ua "Gregorian". Nws yuav zoo li tias Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub zoo rau txhua tus, raws li cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau ntau tshaj kaum rau centuries. Txawm li cas los xij, Gregory lub kaum peb tau txiav txim siab tias qhov kev hloov kho yog tsim nyog los txiav txim siab hnub raug ntau dua rau kev ua koob tsheej Easter, nrog rau kom ntseeg tau tias hnub ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav equinox rov qab mus rau nees nkaum thawj lub Peb Hlis.
Nyob rau xyoo 1583, Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Patriarchs hauv Constantinople tau rau txim rau kev txais yuav Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub ua txhaum lub voj voog liturgical thiab nug cov canons ntawm Ecumenical Councils. Tseeb tiag, hauv qee lub xyoo nws ua txhaum txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua koob tsheej Easter. Nws tshwm sim tias Catholic Bright Sunday poob rau lub sijhawm ua ntej cov neeg Yudais Easter, thiab qhov no tsis raug tso cai los ntawm pawg ntseeg.
Chronology hauv Russia
Nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm peb lub teb chaws, pib txij lub xyoo pua kaum, Xyoo Tshiab tau ua kev zoo siab rau thawj lub Peb Hlis. Tsib centuries tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1492, nyob rau hauv Russia, pib ntawm lub xyootsiv, raws li lub tsev teev ntuj kab lig kev cai, mus rau thawj lub Cuaj Hli. Qhov no mus rau ntau tshaj ob puas xyoo.
Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 19, xya txhiab ob puas yim, Tsar Peter lub Great tau tshaj tawm tsab cai hais tias Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub nyob rau hauv Russia, tau txais los ntawm Byzantium nrog rau kev cai raus dej, tseem siv tau. Hnub pib tau hloov lawm. Nws tau raug pom zoo nyob hauv lub tebchaws. Xyoo Tshiab raws li Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub yuav tsum ua kev zoo siab rau thawj lub Ib Hlis "los ntawm kev yug los ntawm Tswv Yexus."
Tom qab kev hloov pauv thaum Lub Ob Hlis 14, 1918, cov kev cai tshiab tau nthuav tawm hauv peb lub tebchaws. Daim ntawv qhia hnub Gregorian tsis suav nrog peb lub xyoo leap hauv txhua plaub puas xyoo. Nws yog tus uas pib ua raws.
Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Julian thiab Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub? Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev suav xyoo leap. Nws nce lub sij hawm. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum rau xyoo pua nws yog kaum hnub, ces nyob rau hauv lub kaum xya nws nce mus rau kaum ib, nyob rau hauv lub kaum yim xyoo pua nws twb sib npaug rau kaum ob hnub, kaum peb nyob rau hauv lub nees nkaum thiab nees nkaum-thawj centuries, thiab los ntawm lub nees nkaum-ob xyoo pua, daim duab no. yuav mus txog kaum plaub hnub.
Lub Koom Txoos Orthodox ntawm Russia siv Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub, ua raws li kev txiav txim siab ntawm Ecumenical Councils, thiab cov Catholics siv Gregorian.
Koj tuaj yeem hnov cov lus nug uas yog vim li cas tag nrho lub ntiaj teb ua kev zoo siab Christmas rau hnub nees nkaum tsib ntawm lub Kaum Ob Hlis, thiab peb - nyob rau lub Xya hli ntuj. Cov lus teb yog qhov pom tseeb heev. Lub Koom Txoos Orthodox Lavxias teb sab ua koob tsheej Christmas raws li Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub. Qhov no yogkuj tseem siv tau rau lwm lub tsev teev ntuj loj hnub so.
Hnub no, Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub nyob rau hauv Russia hu ua "qub style". Tam sim no, nws qhov kev txwv tsis pub dhau. Nws yog siv los ntawm qee lub Koom Txoos Orthodox - Serbian, Georgian, Jerusalem thiab Lavxias. Tsis tas li ntawd, Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub yog siv hauv qee lub tsev teev ntuj Orthodox hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Asmeskas.
Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub hauv Russia
Nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub tau raug tsa ntau zaus. Nyob rau hauv 1830 nws tau staged los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences. Prince K. A. Lieven, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd yog Minister of Education, suav tias qhov kev thov no tsis raws sijhawm. Tsuas yog tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, qhov teeb meem raug xa mus rau lub rooj sib tham ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Lavxias Federation. Twb tau lub Ib Hlis 24, Russia tau txais daim ntawv qhia hnub Gregorian.
Txoj kev hloov pauv mus rau Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub
Rau cov ntseeg Orthodox, kev qhia txog tus qauv tshiab los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ua rau muaj teeb meem qee yam. Xyoo Tshiab tau hloov mus rau Advent, thaum twg kev lom zem tsis txais tos. Ntxiv mus, Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj Tim 1 yog hnub nco txog St. Boniface, uas txhawb nqa txhua tus neeg uas xav tso kev qaug cawv, thiab peb lub teb chaws ua kev zoo siab rau hnub no nrog ib khob ntawm tes.
Gregorian thiab Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub: qhov sib txawv thiab zoo sib xws
Lawv yog ob puas thiab rau caum-tsib hnub hauv ib xyoos ib txwm thiab peb puas rau caum-rau hauv xyoo leap, muaj 12 lub hlis, 4 ntawm 30 hnub thiab 7 yog 31 hnub, Lub Ob Hlis yog ob 28 lossis 29. Qhov txawv tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm tshwm simleap xyoo.
Raws li Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub, lub xyoo leap tshwm sim txhua peb xyoos. Hauv qhov no, nws hloov tawm tias xyoo calendar yog 11 feeb ntev dua li xyoo astronomical. Hauv lwm lo lus, tom qab 128 xyoo muaj ib hnub ntxiv. Daim ntawv qhia hnub Gregorian kuj lees paub tias xyoo plaub yog xyoo leap. Qhov kev zam yog cov xyoo uas muaj ntau yam ntawm 100, nrog rau cov uas tuaj yeem faib los ntawm 400. Raws li qhov no, ib hnub ntxiv tsuas yog tom qab 3200 xyoo.
Yam tos peb yav tom ntej
Tsis zoo li Gregorian, Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub yog yooj yim dua rau chronology, tab sis nws yog ua ntej xyoo astronomical. Lub hauv paus ntawm thawj zaug ua tus thib ob. Raws li lub Koom Txoos Orthodox, Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub ua txhaum cov kab ke ntawm ntau lub koom txoos hauv phau Vajlugkub.
Vim qhov tseeb tias Julian thiab Gregorian daim ntawv qhia hnub nce qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hnub dhau los, Orthodox pawg ntseeg uas siv thawj zaug yuav ua kev zoo siab Christmas los ntawm 2101 tsis yog lub Ib Hlis 7, raws li nws tshwm sim tam sim no, tab sis lub Ib Hlis 8., thiab los ntawm cuaj txhiab cuaj puas thiab ib qho, kev ua koob tsheej yuav muaj nyob rau lub yim hli ntuj. Nyob rau hauv liturgical daim ntawv qhia hnub, hnub tseem yuav raug mus rau nees nkaum-tsib lub Kaum Ob Hlis.
Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws uas Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub tau siv los ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, xws li tim Nkij teb chaws, cov hnub ntawm tag nrho cov xwm txheej keeb kwm uas tshwm sim tom qab lub Kaum Hlis kaum tsib, ib txhiab tsib puas thiab yim caum-ob, yog npe ua kev zoo siab rau tib hnub thaum lawv tshwm sim.
Txoj kev rau txim ntawm kev hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub
BTam sim no, daim ntawv qhia hnub Gregorian yog qhov tseeb. Raws li ntau tus kws tshaj lij, nws tsis tas yuav hloov pauv, tab sis cov lus nug ntawm nws txoj kev hloov kho tau tham txog ntau xyoo lawm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, peb tsis tau tham txog qhov kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug tshiab daim ntawv qhia hnub los yog ib tug tshiab txoj kev ntawm accounting rau leap xyoo. Nws yog hais txog kev hloov cov hnub ntawm lub xyoo kom qhov pib ntawm txhua xyoo poob rau ib hnub, xws li hnub Sunday.
Hnub no, lub hli yog hnub tim 28 txog 31 hnub, qhov ntev ntawm ib lub hlis twg yog li ntawm cuaj caum mus rau cuaj caum-ob hnub, nrog rau thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo luv dua qhov thib ob los ntawm 3-4 hnub. Qhov no ua rau nyuaj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm nyiaj txiag thiab kev npaj cov tub ceev xwm.
Dab tsi yog daim ntawv qhia hnub tshiab
Lub sijhawm dhau ib puas thiab rau caum xyoo dhau los muaj ntau yam haujlwm tau thov. Xyoo 1923, pawg neeg hloov kho daim ntawv qhia hnub tau tsim nyob rau hauv Pab Koomtes ntawm Tebchaws. Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II kawg, qhov teeb meem no tau raug xa mus rau UN Economic thiab Social Committee.
Txawm hais tias muaj ntau ntawm lawv, qhov kev nyiam yog muab rau ob txoj kev xaiv - 13-hli daim ntawv qhia hnub ntawm Fabkis tus kws tshawb fawb Auguste Comte thiab cov lus pom zoo ntawm Fabkis tus kws tshawb fawb G. Armelin.
Nyob rau hauv thawj version, lub hli ib txwm pib hnub Sunday thiab xaus rau hnub Saturday. Nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo, ib hnub tsis muaj npe nyob rau hauv tag nrho thiab muab tso rau thaum xaus ntawm lub kaum peb lub hlis kawg. Nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo leap, xws li ib hnub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub thib rau hli. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, daim ntawv qhia hnub no muaj ntau yam tsis txaus, yog li kev saib xyuas ntau dua rau qhov projectGustave Armeline, raws li lub xyoo muaj kaum ob lub hlis thiab plaub lub hlis twg ntawm cuaj caum-ib hnub.
Nyob rau hauv thawj lub hlis ntawm lub quarter muaj peb caug-ib hnub, nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no ob - peb caug. Thawj hnub ntawm txhua xyoo thiab peb lub hlis twg pib hnub Sunday thiab xaus rau hnub Saturday. Hauv ib xyoos ib txwm, ib hnub ntxiv ntxiv tom qab Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 30th, thiab hauv xyoo leap tom qab Lub Rau Hli 30. Qhov project no tau pom zoo los ntawm Fabkis, Is Nrias teb, Soviet Union, Yugoslavia thiab qee lub tebchaws. Tau ntev, Lub Rooj Sib Tham Thoob Ntiaj Teb tau ncua qhov kev pom zoo ntawm txoj haujlwm, thiab tsis ntev los no cov haujlwm no ntawm UN tau tso tseg.
Yuav Russia rov qab mus rau "tus qauv qub"
Nws nyuaj heev rau cov neeg txawv tebchaws los piav qhia lub tswvyim ntawm "Lub Xyoo Tshiab" txhais li cas, vim li cas peb ua kev zoo siab Christmas tom qab cov neeg European. Niaj hnub no muaj cov neeg uas xav kom hloov mus rau Julian daim ntawv qhia hnub nyob rau hauv Russia. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov pib yog los ntawm cov neeg tsim nyog tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo thiab hwm. Raws li lawv, 70% ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox Russians muaj cai nyob raws li daim ntawv qhia hnub siv los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox Church.
