Tib neeg lub cev hu ua biochemical Hoobkas vim li cas. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua txhua feeb txhiab, kaum thiab ntau pua txhiab tus txheej txheem ntawm oxidation, splitting, txo thiab lwm yam kev tshwm sim tshwm sim hauv nws. Dab tsi tso cai rau lawv ntws ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm, muab txhua lub cell nrog lub zog, khoom noj khoom haus thiab oxygen?
Lub tswvyim ntawm catalysts
Ob qho tib si hauv inorganic thiab organic chemistry, cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb tau siv dav uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog los ntawm ntau txhiab, thiab qee zaum ntau lab lub sijhawm. Lub npe ntawm cov tshuaj no yog "catalysts". Hauv inorganic chemistry, cov no yog hlau oxides, platinum, nyiaj, npib tsib xee thiab lwm yam.
Lawv qhov haujlwm tseem ceeb yog tsim cov complexes ib ntus nrog cov neeg koom nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, los ntawm kev txo qis lub zog ua kom muaj zog, cov txheej txheem tau ua ntau zaus sai dua. Tom qab ntawd, qhov nyuaj decomposes, thiab cov catalyst tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm tus kheej nyob rau hauv tib qhov ntau thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam li ua ntej pib txheej txheem.
Muaj ob hom tshuaj tiv thaiv catalytic:
- homogeneous - accelerator thiab koom hauv ib qhoaggregate xeev;
- heterogeneous - accelerator thiab koom nyob rau hauv txawv xeev, muaj ib theem ciam teb.
Ntxiv rau, muaj cov sib xyaw ua ke uas tawm tsam hauv kev ua - inhibitors. Lawv yog tsom rau kev ua kom qeeb ntawm qhov tsim nyog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li, piv txwv li, lawv tso cai rau koj txo lub sijhawm rau kev tsim cov corrosion.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov inorganic, thiab lawv cov khoom muaj qee yam tshwj xeeb. Yog li ntawd, catalysis yog txawv nyob rau hauv lub systems.
YEnzymes - yog dab tsi?
Nws tau raug pov thawj tias yog tias qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb uas ua rau cov txheej txheem qhia tsis tau ua tiav hauv cov txheej txheem nyob, ces cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv plab yuav zom tau li ob hnub. Rau lub sijhawm zoo li no, cov txheej txheem ntawm decomposition thiab intoxication nrog cov khoom lwj yuav pib. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tshwm sim, thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tau ua tiav hauv ib teev thiab ib nrab. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv roj ntsha, uas muaj nyob hauv ntau qhov sib xyaw ntawm txhua yam kabmob. Tab sis lawv yog dab tsi thiab dab tsi yog lub hauv paus ntawm qhov kev ua no?
Cov khoom siv roj ntsha ntawm cov protein ntau yog cov enzymes. Lawv lub hauv paus yog ib tug complex structural lub koom haum nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Yooj yim muab tso, cov no yog cov proteins tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem txo qhov ua kom lub zog ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv cov kab mob muaj sia thiab nqa lawv tawm ntawm qhov nrawm uas tshaj qhov txiaj ntsig ib txwm los ntawm ntau lab lub sijhawm.
Muaj ntau qhov piv txwv ntawm cov molecules:
- catalase;
- amylase;
- oxireductase;
- glucose oxidase;
- lipase;
- invertase;
- lysozyme;
- protease thiab lwm yam.
Yog li, peb tuaj yeem xaus: enzymes yog cov khoom siv roj ntsha ntawm cov protein, uas ua raws li lub zog nrawm, tso cai rau ntau txhiab tus txheej txheem hauv cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob ua haujlwm ntawm kev kub ceev. Kev zom zaub mov, oxidation, kho dua tshiab yog raws li lawv qhov kev ua.
Similarities of inorganic and protein catalysts
Enzymes raws li cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg muaj ntau yam khoom zoo ib yam li cov khoom tsis muaj zog. Cov no suav nrog cov hauv qab no:
- Kev nrawm tsuas yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermodynamically xwb.
- Tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj sib npaug hauv cov txheej txheem sib npaug, tab sis sib npaug nrawm ntawm cov txheej txheem tom ntej thiab rov qab.
- Vim li ntawd, tsuas yog cov khoom tseem nyob hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov catalyst tsis nyob ntawm lawv.
Txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau qhov zoo sib xws, kuj tseem muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov enzymes.
Dab tsi raws li xwm txheej
Cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb:
- Qib siab ntawm kev xaiv. Ntawd yog, ib qho protein muaj peev xwm qhib tau tsuas yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv lossis ib pab pawg zoo sib xws. Feem ntau, "enzyme - substrate ntawm ib txheej txheem" ua haujlwm.
- Kev ua haujlwm siab heev, vim qee yam ntawm cov proteins tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau lab lub sijhawm.
- Enzymes muaj kev vam meej heevlos ntawm tej yam kev mob. Lawv ua haujlwm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias. Cov pH ntawm qhov nruab nrab kuj tseem cuam tshuam. Muaj qhov nkhaus qhia qhov tsawg kawg nkaus, qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau txhua qhov enzyme.
- Muaj cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb hu ua effectors uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg lossis, qhov sib txawv, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv.
- Lub substrate uas cov enzyme ua haujlwm yuav tsum nruj me ntsis. Muaj ib txoj kev xav hu ua tus yuam sij thiab lub xauv. Nws piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes ntawm lub substrate. Lub catalyst, zoo li tus yuam sij, yog embedded nyob rau hauv lub substrate nrog nws active site, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib.
- Tom qab cov txheej txheem, cov enzyme yog ib feem lossis tag nrho.
Yog li, nws pom tseeb tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein catalysts siab heev rau cov kab mob nyob. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv qhov kev ua yog ua raws li cov cai thiab txwv los ntawm ib puag ncig.
Studying catalysis in school
Raws li ib feem ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm, catalysts tau kawm hauv chemistry thiab biology. Hauv cov chav kawm chemistry, lawv tau kawm los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov khoom uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke thiab tau txais ntau yam khoom sib txawv. Hauv cov lus qhia txog biology, nws yog cov khoom siv roj ntsha uas tau txiav txim siab. Qib 9 suav nrog kev kawm txog molecular biology thiab cov hauv paus ntawm biochemistry. Yog li, nws yog nyob rau theem ntawm kev kawm no uas cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev paub txog cov enzymes ua cov tshuaj nquag hauvkab mob ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia.
Kev sim yog ua ntawm cov lus qhia, lees paub cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj no hauv qee qhov kub thiab txias ntawm ib puag ncig:
- Kawm txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm hydrogen peroxide ua cov khoom siv rau cov carrots nyoos thiab boiled;
- cuam tshuam rau cov nqaij (siav thiab nyoos), qos yaj ywm thiab lwm yam khoom.
Enzymes hauv tib neeg lub cev
Txhua tus menyuam kawm ntawv uas tau kawm txaus thiab leej twg tau hla txoj kev kawm theem nrab paub tias cov tshuaj lom neeg hu ua biological catalysts. Enzymes hauv lub cev muaj kev tshwj xeeb nruj me ntsis. Yog li ntawd, rau txhua tus txheej txheem, koj tuaj yeem sau koj cov tshuaj catalytic.
Yog li, tag nrho cov enzymes ntawm lub cev tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau pawg:
- oxidoreductases xws li catalase lossis cawv dehydrogenase;
- transferases - kenase;
- hydrolases tseem ceeb rau kev zom: pepsin, amylase, lipoprotein lipase, esterase thiab lwm yam;
- ligases, xws li DNA polymerase;
- isomerase;
- lyases.
Txij li tag nrho cov tebchaw no yog cov muaj protein ntau, nrog rau cov vitamin complex nyob rau hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, qhov nce hauv lub cev kub yog fraught nrog denaturation ntawm cov qauv, thiab yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov tshuaj biochemical. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub cev yog ze rau kev tuag. Yog li ntawd, lub cev kub yuav tsum tau txo qis thaum muaj mob.
Kev siv cov protein catalysts hauv kev lag luam
Ntau cov enzymes siv hauv kev lag luam sib txawvkev lag luam:
- tshuaj;
- textile;
- food.
Nyob ntawm lub rhawv ntawm cov khw muag khoom koj tuaj yeem pom cov khoom tu thiab ntxuav cov hmoov uas muaj cov enzymes - cov no yog cov enzymes uas txhim kho cov khaub ncaws zoo.
Cov khoom siv roj ntsha yog dab tsi rau?
Nws nyuaj rau overestimate lawv qhov tseem ceeb. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv tsis tsuas yog tso cai rau cov tsiaj muaj sia nyob, ua pa, noj, ua cov txheej txheem metabolic, tab sis kuj muab sijhawm rau peb los rhuav tshem cov khoom pov tseg, tau txais tshuaj, tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv peb kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig.
