T. Kuhn ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev xav. Tus Txheej Txheem ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb, uas nws tau sau tseg, qhia tias cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau ua raws li cov lus pom zoo - paradigms.
Nws txoj haujlwm tau pab txhawb kev txhim kho ntau yam kev qhuab qhia. Piv txwv li, kev ua hauj lwm ntawm T. Kuhn tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov chav kawm ntawm niaj hnub natural science, tso cai rau koj nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txawj ntse.
theem ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb tshwm sim hauv theem. Tam sim no faib:
- Lub sijhawm qub, uas tshwm sim tam sim tom qab qhov pom ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau noob neej. Nws kav mus txog rau xyoo 18th - thaum ntxov 19th century, npog ntau tshaj peb lab xyoo.
- theem ob tau mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, raws li kev siv tshuab. Nws yog los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th mus rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th uas lub scientific thiab technological kiv puag ncig tshwm sim.
Forms of STP (Scientific and Technological Progress)
Nws muaj kev hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv ntawm kev txhim kho. Lub kiv puag ncig scientific thiab thev naus laus zis suav nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm hom tshiabthev naus laus zis, uas yog, kev hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev tsim khoom. Kev lag luam kiv puag ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua thib kaum yim coj los ua nws qhov chaw pib qhov kev tsim ntawm lub tshuab ua haujlwm, uas cov khoom siv tau maj mam hloov kho tshiab.
Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb txuas nrog li cas? STP suav nrog evolutionary (zoo) thiab kev hloov pauv (tseem ceeb) hloov pauv hauv cov khoom thiab txhais tau tias ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thev naus laus zis, uas yog, cov txheej txheem tsim muaj zog.
Txawm tias qhov tseeb tias thawj lub tshuab tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov tswv yim empirical, los ntawm lub sijhawm no thev naus laus zis hloov mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev cai lij choj ntawm lub cev, kev tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tseeb. Qhov no yog qhov ua rau kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb mus rau hauv lub zog tsim tshwj xeeb.
Kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau dhau los ua qhov kev txhawb nqa muaj zog rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb.
NTP
Nyob rau theem qis tshaj ntawm kev tsim peev txheej, cov chaw tsim khoom tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam. Hloov chaw ntawm kev siv tes ua haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab pib ua raws li kev tsim khoom siv tshuab.
Txoj kev hloov mus rau kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv kev tsim khoom, kev txhim kho cov tshuab - tag nrho cov no tau dhau los ua kev txhawb siab rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg tsim nyog kho, cov neeg ua haujlwm tshuab, cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov kws tshaj lij uas tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej tshiab.
Txhua yam no tau pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm qib kev kawm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub Hoobkas, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm.
Kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los txhim kho tus neeg, kev txhawb siab rau cov neeg ua haujlwm kom muaj kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse.
BThaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, thawj qhov kev sim tshawb fawb tau tsim nyob rau hauv American corporation General Electric. Maj mam, lawv tau dhau los ua ib qho chaw hauv kev lag luam loj monopoly.
History of the term
Lo lus "kev hloov pauv txuj ci" tau qhia los ntawm J. Bernal hauv kev ua haujlwm "Lub Ntiaj Teb Tsis Muaj Tsov Rog", uas tau luam tawm hauv USSR. Tom qab ntawd, ntau tshaj 150 lub ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias. Feem ntau nws raug suav hais tias yog ib txoj hauv kev hloov tib neeg lub luag haujlwm rau cov txheej txheem, txheej txheem ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab thev naus laus zis, kev hloov pauv ntawm lub zog tsim khoom tseem ceeb.
Lub kiv puag ncig kev tshawb fawb yog qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab tib neeg, hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kev lag luam thiab kev tsim khoom.
Deep Essence of NTR
Tam sim no, muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm xwm thiab tib neeg. Lub kiv puag ncig scientific yog ib txheej txheem uas ua rau degradation, deformation ntawm tib neeg tus cwj pwm.
Lub ntsiab lus tob ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis hloov pauv tau tshwm sim hauv nws txoj kev hloov pauv mus rau lub zog tsim khoom. Kev tshawb fawb yog ib yam khoom ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm haiv neeg, tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsub zuj zuj ntawm kev txawj ntse los ntawm ob peb tiam.
Kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb yog txuam nrog kev ua lej, cybernetization, ecologization, cosmization. Cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau tshaj tawm rau hauv kev tsim khoom tso cai nthuav dav thaj tsam ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsim khoom.
Lub kiv puag ncig kev tshawb fawb pab txhawb kev lag luam kev loj hlob, tsim cov kev paub siv kev lag luam, kev tshwm sim ntawm kev sib twkev tawm tsam, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb rau hauv ib qho khoom tshwj xeeb.
NTR
Dab tsi yog yam ntxwv ntawm kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb? Luv luv, nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias lawv pab txhawb kom kov yeej cov kev txwv ntawm tus neeg lub peev xwm psychophysical.
Tau txais qee qhov kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb, piv txwv li, thaum cov khoom tshiab ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav tawm, cov ntaub ntawv tsim kho tshiab thiab lwm qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob tshwm sim hauv thev naus laus zis.
Nws yog thev naus laus zis uas txhawb nqa kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm automata tau dhau los ua qhov muaj zog nruab nrab ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab tus txiv neej. Tam sim no, thev naus laus zis suav nrog cov kev xaiv ua haujlwm hauv qab no:
- thauj;
- technological;
- administrative;
- control;
- zog.
Modern stage
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, cov ntaub ntawv kiv puag ncig pib. Cov khoom siv hauv paus rau nws yog fiber-optic, chaw sib txuas lus. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev qhia txog kev ua haujlwm hauv ntau yam kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam.
Lub ntsiab lus pib ntawm theem no ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis yog kev txhim kho microprocesses rau kev sib xyaw ua ke. Thib tsib-tiam supercomputers uas "nkag siab" tib neeg cov lus pib nyeem ntau yam cim, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim "artificial txawj ntse" tau nrawm.
Lub microprocessor kiv puag ncig tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau cov neeg hlau tshiab uas tuaj yeem pom cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov xwm txheej siv kovsystems los ua nws. Qhov no tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv ua ntej rau tag nrho automation ntawm kev tsim khoom, tsis suav nrog "tib neeg yam" hauv kev tsim cov tshuab. Cov kev hloov pauv no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav kev ua haujlwm tas mus li, ua kom cov khoom tsim tau zoo, thiab tswj cov khoom zoo.
Raws li kev lag luam ntawm tes, kev lag luam tshiab tau tshwm sim, cov khoom siv thiab lub zog siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj thiab roj, thiab kev ua liaj ua teb tau txo qis. Kev tsim kho tshiab tau kov cov khoom noj khoom haus, tshuaj.
Paradigms
Tus qauv ntawm kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb tau piav qhia los ntawm Kuhn. Nws tau muab qhov chaw tshwj xeeb rau cov txheej txheem txheej txheem thiab cov tswv yim dav dav uas tau lees paub los ntawm zej zog kev tshawb fawb.
Lub ntsiab lus yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ob qhov tsis muaj:
- yog lub hauv paus rau kev ua raws;
- muaj cov lus nug sib txawv uas qhib rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv.
Kuhn tus qauv ntawm kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb yog "kev qhuab qhia matrix" siv rau kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Lub paradigm uas nws hais hauv nws txoj haujlwm yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb.
Kun singled tawm peb hom hauv nws:
- ib xeem ntawm qhov tseeb uas tso cai rau koj los qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm yam;
- facts uas tsis yog kev txaus siab, tab sis tso cai los piav qhia txog txoj kev xav;
- kev ua haujlwm empirical siv hauv kev tshawb fawb.
Thaum "ib txwm science" nthuav tawmQhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov kev twv ua ntej ntawm lub paradigm thiab kev soj ntsuam tiag tiag, anomalies tshwm sim. Thaum lawv sib sau ua ke ntau, cov kev kawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb ib txwm nres, kev kub ntxhov tshwm sim, uas tsuas yog daws tau los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Nws rhuav tshem cov stereotypes qub, ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tshiab tau tsim.
Kev hloov pauv keeb kwm
Nws yog txuam nrog kev tsim cov kab mob tshiab nrog qee yam khoom, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov nroj tsuag ua liaj ua teb. Cov technologies tshiab, inventions nyob rau hauv genetic engineering, qhov chaw kev lag luam ua raws li catalysts rau theem ntawm scientific thiab thev naus laus zis kiv puag ncig.
Tam sim no nws nyuaj rau kev xav txog lub neej yam tsis muaj kev taw qhia, huab cua raug, kev sib txuas lus satellite. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw sab nrauv, cov khoom siv lead ua zoo tagnrho rau kev lag luam semiconductor, kev npaj ntshiab, thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg tau txais. Nws yog lub sijhawm tshawb fawb hauv chaw, uas yog qhov kev lees paub ncaj qha ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, tias kev tshuaj xyuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom txuag hluav taws xob, kev paub txog thaj chaw deb ntawm lub ntiaj teb qhov chaw tau ua tiav.
Yog tsis muaj computer systems xws li tej yaam num yuav ua tsis tau. Ua tsaug rau txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob, kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm kev tsim khoom tau pom, cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog muaj zog tau tsim.
Zoo kawg
Science yog lub ntsiab tsav tsheb rau kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, ua tsaug rau cov ntaub ntawv patent, uas tsis ntev los no tau tsim muaj zog heev, cov lag luam muaj lub cib fim tsis yog los tsim cov kev pab cuam tshiab thiab khoom siv, tab sis kuj tau txais cov cai raulawv inventions.
Qhov kev ua haujlwm tam sim no suav nrog kev sau, kev ua haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab nws muab rau cov neeg siv khoom. Ntau lub khoos phis tawj tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub ntiaj teb.
Ua tsaug rau cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv, uas tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus txiv neej hauv kev tsim cov peev txheej ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab cov khoom siv tau hloov pauv ntau.
Dab tsi yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis rau cov qauv kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb? Txoj kev evolutionary koom nrog sectoral thiab thaj chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm ib tus neeg lub teb chaws, kev nce hauv lub peev xwm ntawm cov cuab yeej siv thiab tshuab, nce kev nqa peev xwm ntawm cov tshuab ntawm ntau lub tsheb.
Cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no yog:
- electronization, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm muab txhua yam ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm los ntawm kev siv tshuab computer;
- complex automation nrog rau kev siv cov neeg kho tshuab manipulators, microprocessors, robots.
Thaum tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tshiab hauv kev tshawb fawb, nws tsis tuaj yeem tham txog kev hloov pauv zoo hauv kev nom kev tswv, kev sib raug zoo, kev lag luam, kev ua neej ntawm tib neeg lub neej.
