Tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Michael Faraday, uas loj hlob hauv tsev neeg txom nyem, tau los ua ib tus kws tshawb fawb loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej. Nws qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws tau ua nyob rau lub sijhawm uas kev tshawb fawb yog ntau tus neeg yug los rau hauv tsev neeg muaj cai. Chav tsev ntawm hluav taws xob capacitance, farad, muaj npe tom qab nws.
Faraday (physicist): luv luv biography
Michael Faraday yug rau lub Cuaj Hlis 22, 1791 hauv tebchaws Askiv lub nroog London. Nws yog tus menyuam thib peb hauv tsev neeg ntawm James thiab Margaret Faraday. Nws txiv yog ib tug kws ntaus hlau uas muaj mob tsis zoo. Ua ntej yuav sib yuav, nws niam ua hauj lwm ua ib tug tub txib. Tsev neeg nyob txom nyem.
Txog thaum muaj hnub nyoog 13 xyoos, Michael tau mus kawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv zos uas nws tau txais nws qhov kev kawm thawj zaug. Txhawm rau pab tsev neeg, nws pib ua haujlwm ua tub txib hauv khw muag ntawv. Tus tub txoj kev mob siab rau nws tus tswv hauj lwm. Ib xyoos tom qab, nws tau nce mus rau tus kws tshaj lij phau ntawv.
Bookbinding thiab Science
Michael Faraday xav paub ntau ntxiv txog lub ntiaj teb; nws tsis txwv rau kev kho cov phau ntawv. Tom qab mob siab rau ua hauj lwm txhua hnub, nws siv tag nrho nws lub sij hawm dawb nyeem phau ntawv uas nws khi.
Maj mam, nws pom tias nws nyiam kev tshawb fawb. Nws tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam ob phau ntawv:
- Phau ntawv Encyclopædia Britannica yog lub hauv paus ntawm nws txoj kev paub txog hluav taws xob thiab ntau ntxiv.
- Chemistry Talks - 600 nplooj ntawv ntawm chemistry nkag tau los ntawm Jane Marset.
Nws txaus siab heev uas nws pib siv ib feem ntawm nws cov nyiaj tau los meager ntawm cov tshuaj thiab cov cuab yeej los lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm qhov nws nyeem.
Thaum nthuav nws txoj kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb, nws tau hnov tias tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo John Tatum tab tom yuav muab cov lus qhuab qhia rau pej xeem txog natural philosophy (physics). Mus koom cov lus qhuab qhia, ib tus yuav tsum tau them tus nqi ntawm ib shilling - ntau dhau rau Michael Faraday. Nws tus tij laug, tus kws ntaus hlau, qhuas nws tus tij laug txoj kev mob siab rau kev tshawb fawb, tau muab nyiaj rau nws.
Meet Humphrey Davy
Faraday tau nqis tes ntxiv rau kev tshawb fawb thaum William Dance, tus neeg siv khoom siv phau ntawv, nug Michael yog tias nws xav tau daim pib rau kev qhuab qhia ntawm Royal Institution.
Tus kws qhia, Sir Humphry Davy, yog ib tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Faraday dhia ntawm lub caij nyoog thiab mus koom plaub kev qhuab qhia ntawm ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tshiab tshaj plaws hauv chemistry - kev txiav txim siab ntawm acidity. Nws saib cov kev sim uas Davy ua hauv kev qhuab qhia.
Lub ntiaj teb no nws xav nyob. Faraday khaws cov ntawv sau tseg, thiab tom qab ntawd ua ntau ntxiv rau cov ntawv uas nws tau tsim 300-nplooj ntawv sau, uas nws tus kheej khi thiab xa mus rau Davy ua lub cim.ua tsaug.
Lub sijhawm no, nyob hauv lub tiaj nraum qaum tsev ntawm lub tsev muag ntawv, Michael tau pib ua ntau qhov kev sim los tsim lub roj teeb hluav taws xob los ntawm cov npib tooj liab thiab zinc disks sib cais los ntawm cov ntawv ntsev ntub dej. Nws siv nws los rhuav tshem cov tshuaj xws li magnesium sulfate. Humphry Davy yog ib tug pioneer hauv no chemistry.
Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1812, Faraday qhov kev xyaum ua haujlwm tau xaus thiab nws pib ua haujlwm ua phau ntawv rau lwm tus tswv haujlwm nws pom tias nws tsis txaus siab.
Yuav tsis muaj kev zoo siab, tab sis kev txom nyem pab
Thiab tom qab ntawd muaj kev zoo siab rau Faraday. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sim ua tsis tiav, Humphry Davy raug mob: qhov no cuam tshuam nws lub peev xwm sau ntawv ib ntus. Michael tswj khaws cov ntawv sau tseg rau ob peb hnub rau Davy, uas txaus siab rau phau ntawv uas nws xa tuaj.
Thaum lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ua tus pabcuam tiav, Faraday tau xa ntawv rau tus kws tshawb fawb kom nws ntiav nws ua nws tus pabcuam. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, ib tug ntawm Davy tus pab cuam hauv chaw kuaj mob raug rho tawm haujlwm vim kev ua txhaum cai, thiab Humphrey nug Michael seb nws puas xav ua kom tiav.
Nws puas xav ua haujlwm ntawm Royal Institute nrog ib tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb? Nws yog ib lo lus nug rhetorical.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Royal Institution
Faraday tau ua haujlwm rau lub Peb Hlis 1, 1813, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 21.
Nws tau them nyiaj zoo thiab muab chav nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Royal Institute. Michael txaus siab heev thiab nws txoj kev koom tes nrog lub koom haum no tsis muaj lawmcuam tshuam rau 54 xyoo, lub sijhawm uas nws tswj tau los ua tus xibfwb ntawm chemistry.
Faraday txoj haujlwm yog los npaj cov cuab yeej rau kev sim thiab kev qhuab qhia ntawm Royal Institution. Thaum xub thawj, nws cuam tshuam nrog nitrogen trichloride, tawg ua rau Davy raug mob. Michael kuj tseem luv luv tsis nco qab thaum lub sijhawm tawg tom ntej, thiab thaum Humphrey raug mob dua, kev sim nrog cov tshuaj no tau nres.
Tom qab 7 lub hlis ntawm Royal Institution, Davy coj Faraday nrog nws mus ncig 18 lub hlis ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Lub sijhawm no, Michael tswj xyuas kom ntsib cov kws tshawb fawb zoo xws li Andre-Marie Ampère hauv Paris thiab Alessandro Volta hauv Milan. Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, ncig saib hloov nws txoj kev kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab - Faraday tau kawm ntau lub sijhawm no.
Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm kev ncig xyuas, nws tsis zoo siab, ntxiv rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tuav ntaub ntawv, nws yuav tsum tau tos Davy thiab nws tus poj niam. Tus kws tshawb fawb tus poj niam tsis xav txog Faraday qhov sib npaug vim nws keeb kwm.
Tom qab rov qab mus rau London, txhua yam poob rau hauv qhov chaw. Lub koom haum Royal tau rov ua dua Michael daim ntawv cog lus thiab nce nws cov nqi zog. Davy txawm pib hais txog nws txoj kev pab hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb.
Hauv xyoo 1816, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 24, Faraday tau qhia nws thawj zaug txog cov khoom ntawm cov teeb meem. Nws tshwm sim hauv Lub Nroog Philosophical Society. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau tshaj tawm nws thawj tsab xov xwm tshawb fawb txog kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm calcium hydroxide hauv Science Quarterly.
Xyoo 1821, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 29 xyoos, Faraday tau raug tsa los ua tus thawj coj ntawm tsev neeg thiab chaw kuaj mob ntawm Royal Institute. Nyob rau hauv tib yamnws tau sib yuav Sarah Barnard. Michael thiab nws tus poj niam nyob hauv lub koom haum rau feem ntau ntawm 46 xyoo tom ntej no, tsis nyob hauv tsev, tab sis nyob hauv qhov chaw xis nyob ib zaug los ntawm Humphry Davy.
Xyoo 1824, phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Faraday (physics) tau cim los ntawm nws qhov kev xaiv tsa rau Royal Society. Nov yog qhov lees paub tias nws tau dhau los ua tus kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb.
Xyoo 1825, tus kws kho mob Faraday tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm chav kuaj.
Xyoo 1833 nws tau los ua Fuller tus xibfwb ntawm chemistry ntawm Royal Institution of Great Britain. Faraday tuav txoj haujlwm no mus tas nws lub neej.
Nyob rau xyoo 1848 thiab 1858 nws raug hais kom ua tus thawj coj ntawm Royal Society, tab sis tsis kam.
Kev ua tiav kev tshawb fawb
Nws yuav siv ntau dua ib phau ntawv los piav txog Faraday qhov kev tshawb pom hauv physics. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas Albert Einstein khaws cov duab ntawm peb tus kws tshawb fawb hauv nws lub chaw haujlwm: Isaac Newton, James Maxwell thiab Michael Faraday.
Oddly txaus, txawm hais tias lo lus "physicist" pib siv thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, nws tus kheej tsis nyiam nws, thiab nws ib txwm hu nws tus kheej ib tug philosopher. Faraday yog ib tug txiv neej uas tau tshawb pom los ntawm kev sim, thiab nws paub tias tsis txhob tso tseg cov tswv yim uas nws tau los ntawm kev nkag siab txog kev tshawb fawb.
Yog nws xav tias lub tswv yim tsim nyog, nws pheej sim txawm ntau yam ua tsis tiav mus txog thaum nws ua tiav qhov nws xav tau lossis kom txog thaum nws ntseeg tias Niam Xwm ua pov thawj nws yuam kev, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus.
Yog li ntawd Faraday nrhiav tau dab tsi hauv physics? Nov yog qee qhov ntawm nws qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plawsachievements.
1821: nrhiav pom ntawm electromagnetic rotation
Nws yog qhov kev sib cav ntawm qhov uas nws thiaj li ua rau kev tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob. Qhov kev tshawb pom yog ua raws li Oersted txoj kev xav ntawm cov khoom sib nqus ntawm cov hlau nqa hluav taws xob.
1823: Gas liquefaction thiab tub yees
Hauv xyoo 1802, John D alton tau hais tias txhua cov pa roj tuaj yeem ua kua dej ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Lub physicist Faraday tau ua pov thawj qhov no empirically. Nws xub muab chlorine thiab ammonia ua kua.
Kua ammonia kuj tseem nthuav vim, raws li Michael Faraday tau sau tseg, physics ntawm nws cov txheej txheem evaporation ua rau txias. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua kom txias los ntawm kev siv dag zog evaporation tau nthuav tawm rau pej xeem los ntawm William Cullen hauv Edinburgh hauv xyoo 1756. Tus kws tshawb fawb, siv lub twj tso kua mis, txo qis lub siab hauv lub hwj nrog ether, vim tias nws sai sai evaporated. Qhov no ua rau kom txias, thiab cov dej khov ua rau sab nraud ntawm lub khob los ntawm cov dej noo hauv huab cua.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Faraday qhov kev tshawb pom yog tias cov twj siv tshuab tuaj yeem hloov cov roj mus rau hauv cov kua dej ntawm chav tsev kub. Tom qab ntawd cov kua evaporated, txias txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig, cov roj tshwm sim tuaj yeem raug sau thiab compressed rau hauv cov kua dua los ntawm lub twj tso kua mis, rov ua dua lub voj voog. Qhov no yog li cas cov tub yees thiab lub tub yees ua haujlwm niaj hnub no.
Xyoo 1862, ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Exhibition hauv London, Ferdinand Carré tau nthuav tawm lub ntiaj teb thawj lub tshuab ua dej khov ua lag luam. Lub tsheb tau siv ammonia los ua lub coolant, thiab nwsua dej khov ntawm tus nqi ntawm 200 kg ib teev.
1825: Tshawb nrhiav ntawm benzene
Keeb kwm, benzene tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv chemistry, ob qho tib si hauv kev xav, uas yog, nws yog siv los tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, thiab hauv kev xav, kom nkag siab txog cov tshuaj lom neeg. Ib tug kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom benzene nyob rau hauv cov roj residue ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob London teeb pom kev zoo.
1831: Faraday txoj cai, qauv, physics ntawm electromagnetic induction
Qhov no yog qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb heev rau yav tom ntej ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Faraday txoj cai lij choj (physics) hais tias ib qho chaw sib nqus sib nqus ua rau muaj hluav taws xob tam sim no hauv Circuit Court, thiab cov hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob ncaj qha ncaj qha rau tus nqi hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau nplaum sib nqus. Ib qho ntawm nws qhov kev nkag tau yog |E|=|dΦ/dt|, qhov twg E yog EMF thiab Ф yog qhov sib nqus flux.
Piv txwv li, txav cov hlau nplaum horseshoe raws ib txoj hlua hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob, vim tias qhov txav ntawm cov hlau nplaum ua rau muaj qhov sib nqus sib nqus. Ua ntej qhov no, tsuas yog qhov tam sim no yog lub roj teeb. Michael Faraday, uas nws qhov kev tshawb pom hauv physics tau pom tias kev txav mus los tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob, lossis, hauv cov lus tshawb fawb ntxiv, lub zog kinetic tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob, yog li lub luag haujlwm rau qhov tseeb tias feem ntau ntawm lub zog hauv peb lub tsev niaj hnub no yog tsim los ntawm txoj ntsiab cai no.
Kev sib hloov (kinetic zog) hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob los ntawm electromagnetic induction. Thiab qhov kev sib hloov, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tau los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm siab chav ntawm lub turbines.siab tsim los ntawm lub zog ntawm thee, roj los yog atom, los yog lub siab ntawm cov dej nyob rau hauv hydroelectric fais fab nroj tsuag, los yog cua siab nyob rau hauv cua ua liaj ua teb.
1834: txoj cai ntawm electrolysis
Faraday tus kws kho mob tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim cov kev tshawb fawb tshiab ntawm electrochemistry. Nws piav qhia txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov electrode thiab cov khoom ionized. Ua tsaug rau electrochemistry, peb siv lithium-ion roj teeb thiab accumulators uas lub zog niaj hnub mobile technology. Faraday txoj cai tseem ceeb rau peb txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrode.
1836: tsim lub koob yees duab thaiv
Physicist Faraday tau tshawb pom tias thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob raug them, tag nrho cov nqi them ntau dhau ntawm nws sab nrauv. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev lossis ib lub tawb ua los ntawm cov hlau, tsis muaj nqi ntxiv. Piv txwv li, ib tug neeg hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv ib tug Faraday ce, uas yog, nrog ib tug hlau hauv ob sab phlu, tsis raug rau sab nraud hluav taws xob. Ntxiv rau kev tiv thaiv tib neeg, Faraday tawb tuaj yeem siv los ua kev sim hluav taws xob lossis hluav taws xob hluav taws xob uas muaj kev cuam tshuam rau sab nraud. Cov koob yees duab shielded tseem tuaj yeem tsim qhov chaw tuag rau kev sib txuas lus ntawm tes.
1845: nrhiav pom ntawm Faraday effect - cov nyhuv magneto-optical
Lwm qhov kev sim tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog thawj zaug ua pov thawj kev sib txuas ntawm electromagnetism thiab lub teeb, uas xyoo 1864 tau piav qhia tag nrho los ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm James Clerk Maxwell. Tus kws kho mob Faraday tau tsim tias lub teeb yog hluav taws xob nthwv dej: Thaumopposite magnetic ncej nyob rau tib sab, qhov no muaj ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub polarized beam, uas yog li ua pov thawj qhov kev twb kev txuas ntawm magnetic force thiab lub teeb…
1845: nrhiav pom ntawm diamagnetism ua ib yam khoom ntawm txhua yam
Cov neeg feem coob paub txog ferromagnetism siv cov hlau nplaum zoo tib yam ua piv txwv. Faraday (tus kws kho mob) tau tshawb pom tias txhua yam tshuaj yog diamagnetic - tsis muaj zog rau feem ntau, tab sis kuj muaj cov muaj zog. Diamagnetism yog opposite rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm daim ntawv thov magnetic teb. Piv txwv li, yog tias koj tso tus ncej qaum teb ze ntawm cov khoom siv diamagnetic, ces nws yuav tawm tsam. Diamagnetism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, ntxias los ntawm cov hlau nplaum niaj hnub muaj zog heev, tuaj yeem siv los ua kom tiav levitation. Txawm tias muaj sia nyob zoo li Qav yog diamagnetic thiab tuaj yeem ntab hauv qhov chaw sib nqus muaj zog.
End
Michael Faraday, uas nws qhov kev tshawb pom hauv physics revolutionized science, tuag thaum Lub Yim Hli 25, 1867 hauv London thaum muaj hnub nyoog 75 xyoos. Nws tus poj niam Sarah nyob ntev dua. Nkawd tsis muaj me nyuam. Nws yog ib tug ntseeg Vajtswv tag nrho nws lub neej thiab koom nrog ib pawg Protestant me me hu ua Sandemanians.
Txawm thaum nws lub neej, Faraday tau muab faus rau hauv Westminster Abbey, nrog rau cov vajntxwv thiab poj huab tais ntawm Great Britain thiab cov kws tshawb fawb zoo li Isaac Newton. Nws tsis kam ua ib qho kev coj ncaj ncees dua. Nws lub ntxa, qhov chaw uas Sarah tseem faus, tuaj yeem pom ntawm Highgate Cemetery hauv London.
