Lub Ghor Kev Nyuaj Siab, lossis Jordan Rift Valley, tau muaj kev txaus siab rau kev tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb txij li xyoo 19th thiab txawm tias ntxov dua. Lub enigmatic geology, ntau yam tshwj xeeb ib puag ncig nrog lawv qhov tshwj xeeb, ib nrab ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov tsiaj, nrog rau cov chaw qub keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab cov chaw qub txeeg qub teg, txhua tus pab txhawb rau kev txaus siab thoob ntiaj teb txawm tias niaj hnub no. Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Great Britain thiab lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe tau mus saib thiab kawm thaj av txij li xyoo pua 18th, feem ntau ua rau muaj kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov khoom zoo nkauj.
Geological keeb kwm
Qhov chaw uas Ghor kev nyuaj siab nyob tsuas yog khoom plig rau geologists. Lawv tuaj yeem kawm cov pob zeb feem ntau yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau vim qhov yooj yim nkag mus rau outcrops raws qhov sib cais. Cov kev taug kev ntxov tshaj plaws tau teeb tsa rau yav qab teb Levant nyob rau xyoo 19th, txawm hais tias Lynch (1849), Larteth (1869), Hull (1886) thiab ntau lwm tus tau tshawb nrhiav ua ntej hauv cheeb tsam no.
Ib feem ntawm pob zeb los ntawm Precambrian txuas ntxiv raug nthuav tawm raws ntug ntawm Jordan Rift Valley. Lawv qhia cov theem tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm geological ntawm ze East, ob qho tib si ua ntej rifting thiab thaum lub sij hawm nyuaj rifting txheej txheem. Precambrian hauv qab daus pob zeb tau nthuav tawm feem ntau ntawm qhov chaw sab hnub tuaj ntawm qhov txhaum, raws li yav qab teb kawg ntawm Hiav Txwv Tuag thiab yuav luag tsis tu ncua mus rau Hiav Txwv Liab. Pob zeb - ob qho tib si igneous thiab metamorphic - ua rau sab qaum teb kawg ntawm Arab-Nubian massif, surrounded los ntawm cov molasses loj uas nrog roob tsev.
Geographic nta ntawm Rift Valley
Ntawm daim duab qhia chaw, Ghor Kev Nyuaj Siab yog qhov nqaim elongated kev nyuaj siab uas cais cov neeg Ixayees thiab Palestine nyob rau sab hnub poob, lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Jordan thiab Syria nyob rau sab hnub tuaj yuav luag 400 km. Nws tseem yog lub tsev rau qhov qis tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, Hiav Txwv Tuag. Nws nyob ntawm qhov siab tshaj li 400 meters hauv qab dej hiav txwv thiab ua lub hauv paus theem ntawm cov kua dej rau tag nrho Jordan Valley. Kev nyuaj siab yog bounded los ntawm faults ntawm ob sab, tab sis tsis tas mus li nws tag nrho ntev. Internal faults feem ntau tshwm sim, tsim ib tug complex thiab intricate system ntawm rift valleys.
Mediterranean ib puag ncig nyob rau sab qaum teb Jordan Valley, hloov mus rau liab qab, tsis tshua muaj suab puam nyob rau sab qab teb. Morphology ua rau muaj qhov kub thiab txias, thiab ciam teb ua txhaum yog lub luag haujlwm rau ntau qhov chaw. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cua sov thiab dej tau tsim tshwj xeeb subtropical microenvironments raws lub phiab uas ua haujlwmchaw nkaum rau tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag ntawm ntau yam keeb kwm. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Ghor Basin uas thawj hominin qhov chaw sab nraum Africa tau pom. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov xwm txheej zoo, yooj yim ntawm kev txav mus los hauv hav - tag nrho cov no ua rau lub hav yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm hominids thaum ntxov. Cov txheej txheem no tau pib tsawg kawg ob lab xyoo dhau los, tej zaum txawm tias ua ntej.
Nrhiav cov zaub mov
Picard, hauv nws cov ntawv sau "A History of Mineral Exploration in Israel" (1954), taw qhia rau qhov tseeb tias nyob rau lub sijhawm ua ntej, tib neeg muaj tag nrho cov khoom siv raw uas lawv xav tau nyob rau hauv Jordan Valley, raws li lawv yuav luag tag nrho. txwv rau flint thiab av nplaum. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv thaum cov hlau pib muaj nuj nqis, ntawm lawv cov tooj liab tau pom thiab siv. Hlau tau raug khawb hauv Wadi Zarqa (Nahal Yabbok), uas yog ib feem ntawm tus dej Jordan, qhov twg cov mines qub tau pom. Cov ores yog cov keeb kwm metasomatic thiab feem ntau yog limonite thiab hematite. Cov kub tau xav tias tau raug coj los, tab sis tsis ntev los no ib qho me me ntawm Islam thaum ntxov tau pom nyob ze Eilat.
Tom qab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm British Mandate, ntau qhov chaw ua haujlwm mining tau teev tseg. Hiav txwv tuag rau poov tshuaj, bromine thiab magnesium; Mount Sedom rau roj, bitumen thiab ntsev; Nabi Musa thiab Yarmuk cheeb tsam rau bituminous limestones; Nabi Musa rau phosphates thiab Menahemya rau plaster. Rau lawv yuav tsum tau ntxiv Lake Hulu nrog peat thiab natural gas.
Valley Hydrology
Hnub no lub kwj ha yog ib lub pas dej hauv av uas muaj thaj tsam li ntawm40,000 km2, qhov kawg uas yog Hiavtxwv Tuag. Txoj kev dej tseem ceeb yog tus dej Jordan, uas ntws los ntawm Mount Hermon hla lub pas dej mus rau Hiav Txwv Tuag. Nyob rau hauv lub Ghor phiab, raws tus dej, muaj peb reservoir ntawm ib tug sib txawv kiag li: Lake Hula ntawm qhov siab ntawm +70 m, Kinneret ntawm -210 m, thiab saum npoo ntawm Hiav txwv tuag yog li 400 m hauv qab hiav txwv theem.
Cov dej tshuav ntawm lub hav tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb nyob rau lub sijhawm geological ntev thiab tau tswj hwm los ntawm huab cua thaum lub sijhawm Pleistocene thiab Holocene thaum ntxov. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem, qhov cuam tshuam anthropogenic tau dhau los ua pom. Ua ntej, kev tso dej thiab tsim cov kwj dej hauv cheeb tsam Hula, tom qab ntawd hloov dej los ntawm Hiav Txwv Kalilais thiab tus Dej Yarmukh rau kev siv thiab dej hauv ob qho tib si Ixayees thiab Jordan. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov txo qis hauv dej ntws hauv qis Jordan River, nrog rau kev nce hauv salinity. Cov txiaj ntsig tom kawg yog qhov cuam tshuam loj heev nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntsev ntug dej hiav txwv los ntawm Lake Kinneret. Vim cov dej ntws thiab kev hloov pauv hauv qhov tob ntawm nag lossis daus, qhov ntws ntawm tus dej Jordan tau poob qis heev.
