Ib bijection is Definition of a concept, characteristic

Cov txheej txheem:

Ib bijection is Definition of a concept, characteristic
Ib bijection is Definition of a concept, characteristic
Anonim

Hauv kev ua lej, muaj lub tswv yim ntawm "set", nrog rau cov piv txwv ntawm kev sib piv cov teeb tsa tib yam nrog ib leeg. Cov npe ntawm hom kev sib piv ntawm cov txheej txheem yog cov lus hauv qab no: bijection, txhaj, surjection. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tau piav qhia hauv qab no.

Bijection ntawm sets
Bijection ntawm sets

Ib pob zeb yog… yog dab tsi?

Ib pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm thawj pawg yog sib tw nrog cov pab pawg thib ob ntawm cov ntsiab lus los ntawm cov txheej thib ob hauv daim ntawv no: txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm thawj pab pawg tau ncaj qha nrog lwm lub ntsiab ntawm pawg thib ob, thiab muaj Tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej nrog qhov tsis txaus lossis suav cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib lossis los ntawm ob pawg ntawm pawg.

Bijection, ib txoj hauv kev sib piv cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib txheej
Bijection, ib txoj hauv kev sib piv cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib txheej

Kev tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb:

  1. Ib feem rau ib qho.
  2. Tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus ntxiv thaum sib txuam thiab thawj cov cuab yeej khaws cia.
  3. Nws muaj peev xwm thim rov qab daim ntawv qhia thaum tswj xyuas qhov dav dav.
  4. Kev sib tw yog ib txoj haujlwm uas yog txhaj tshuaj thiab ua tiav.

Bjection los ntawm kev pom ntawm kev pom

bijection yog
bijection yog

Bijective functions yog raws nraim isomorphisms nyob rau hauv qeb "teeb thiab teeb tsa ua haujlwm". Txawm li cas los xij, bijections tsis yog ib txwm isomorphisms rau ntau pawg. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib pawg ntawm pawg, morphisms yuav tsum yog homomorphisms, vim lawv yuav tsum khaws cov qauv ntawm pawg. Yog li, isomorphisms yog pawg isomorphisms, uas yog bijective homomorphisms.

Lub tswv yim ntawm "ib-rau-ib tsab ntawv" yog dav dav rau ib feem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, uas lawv hu ua ib nrab bijections, txawm hais tias ib nrab bijection yog qhov yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj. Yog vim li cas rau qhov kev so no yog qhov ua haujlwm ib nrab (tsim nyog) tsis tau txhais rau ib feem ntawm nws cov npe. Yog li, tsis muaj laj thawj zoo los txwv nws txoj haujlwm thim rov qab mus rau qhov ua tiav, piv txwv li, txhais txhua qhov chaw hauv nws lub npe. Cov txheej txheem ntawm tag nrho ib nrab bijections rau ib lub hauv paus teeb yog hu ua symmetric inverse semigroup.

Lwm txoj kev txhais tib lub tswvyim: nws tsim nyog hais tias ib nrab bijection ntawm teev los ntawm A mus rau B yog ib qho kev sib raug zoo R (ib feem ua haujlwm) nrog cov cuab yeej uas R yog bijection graph f: A' → B 'qhov twg A' yog ib qho ntawm A thiab B' yog ib qho ntawm B.

Thaum ib qho kev sib tw ib nrab nyob rau tib lub teeb, qee zaum nws yog hu ua ib qho kev hloov pauv ib nrab. Ib qho piv txwv yog Möbius hloov pauv tsuas yog txhais ntawm lub dav hlau complex, tsis yog nws ua tiav hauv lub dav hlau txuas ntxiv.

Kev txhaj tshuaj

txoj hauv kev kom phim cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib txheej
txoj hauv kev kom phim cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib txheej

Ib pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm thawj pawg yog sib tw nrog cov pab pawg thib ob ntawm cov ntsiab lus los ntawm cov txheej thib ob hauv daim ntawv no: txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm thawj pab pawg tau sib tw nrog lwm lub ntsiab ntawm qhov thib ob, tab sis tsis yog tag nrho ntawm lawv hloov dua siab tshiab ua khub. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm tus lej ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv txhua qhov teeb tsa: yog tias ib lub teeb muaj peb caug-ib lub ntsiab lus, thiab lwm yam muaj xya ntxiv, ces tus lej ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis sib xws yog xya. Qhia txhaj tshuaj rau hauv lub teeb. Bijection thiab txhaj tshuaj zoo ib yam, tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj qhov zoo sib xws.

Kev txiav txim siab

Surjection, ib txoj hauv kev sib piv cov ntsiab lus
Surjection, ib txoj hauv kev sib piv cov ntsiab lus

Ib pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm thawj txheej yog sib xyaw nrog pawg thib ob ntawm cov ntsiab lus los ntawm cov txheej thib ob hauv txoj kev no: txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib pab pawg tsim ib khub, txawm tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Nws ua raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib pab pawg tuaj yeem ua ke nrog ntau lub ntsiab lus los ntawm lwm pab pawg.

Tsis yog bijective, lossis txhaj tshuaj, lossis kev ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg

Qhov no yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntawm bijective thiab surjective daim ntawv, tab sis nrog ib tug seem (unpaired)=> txhaj. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug muaj nuj nqi, muaj kom meej meej kev twb kev txuas ntawm bijection thiab surjection, vim nws ncaj qha suav nrog ob hom kev sib piv. Yog li, tag nrho ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov haujlwm no tsis yog ib qho ntawm lawv nyob hauv kev sib cais.

piav qhia txhua yam haujlwm

Piv txwv li, tus neeg soj ntsuam tau ntxim nyiam los ntawm cov hauv qab no. Muaj kev sib tw archery. Txhua tus ntawmcov neeg koom xav ntaus lub hom phiaj (kom pab txhawb txoj haujlwm: raws nraim qhov twg xub hits tsis suav nrog). Tsuas yog peb tus neeg koom thiab peb lub hom phiaj - qhov no yog thawj qhov chaw (site) rau kev sib tw. Nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no seem, tus naj npawb ntawm archers yog khaws cia, tab sis tus naj npawb ntawm cov hom phiaj yog hloov: nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - plaub lub hom phiaj, nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no - plaub, thiab plaub - tsib. Txhua tus neeg koom tua ntawm txhua lub hom phiaj.

  1. thawj qhov chaw rau kev sib tw. Thawj tus archer ntaus tsuas yog ib lub hom phiaj. Qhov thib ob hits tsuas yog ib lub hom phiaj. Qhov thib peb rov ua dua tom qab lwm tus, thiab tag nrho cov archers ntaus ntau lub hom phiaj: cov uas tawm tsam lawv. Yog li ntawd, 1 (thawj archer) ntaus lub hom phiaj (a), 2 - hauv (b), 3 - hauv (c). Cov kev vam meej hauv qab no tau pom: 1 - (a), 2 - (b), 3 - (c). Qhov xaus yuav yog qhov kev txiav txim siab tias qhov kev sib piv ntawm cov teeb tsa yog kev sib cav.
  2. Lub platform thib ob rau kev sib tw. Thawj tus archer ntaus tsuas yog ib lub hom phiaj. Qhov thib ob kuj hits ib lub hom phiaj xwb. Qhov thib peb tsis tshua sim thiab rov ua txhua yam tom qab lwm tus, tab sis qhov xwm txheej zoo ib yam - txhua tus archers ntaus ntau lub hom phiaj. Tab sis, raws li tau hais ua ntej, muaj plaub lub hom phiaj ntawm lub platform thib ob. Kev vam meej: 1 - (a), 2 - (b), 3 - (c), (d) - unpaired element of the set. Hauv qhov no, qhov xaus yuav yog qhov kev txiav txim siab tias qhov kev sib piv zoo li no yog kev txhaj tshuaj.
  3. Qhov chaw thib peb rau kev sib tw. Thawj tus archer ntaus tsuas yog ib lub hom phiaj. Qhov thib ob hits tsuas yog ib lub hom phiaj dua. Qhov thib peb txiav txim siab rub nws tus kheej ua ke thiab ntaus lub hom phiaj thib peb thiab plaub. Yog li ntawd, lub dependence: 1 -(a), 2 - (b), 3 - (c), 3 - (d). Ntawm no, qhov xaus yuav yog qhov kev txiav txim siab tias qhov kev sib piv ntawm cov teeb tsa yog qhov kev txiav txim siab.
  4. Plaub lub platform rau kev sib tw. Nrog thawj zaug, txhua yam yog twb meej lawm, nws hits tsuas yog ib lub hom phiaj, nyob rau hauv uas yuav sai sai no yuav tsis muaj chaw rau twb tho txawv hits. Tam sim no tus thib ob yuav siv sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub tseem tsis ntev los no thib peb thiab dua hits tsuas yog ib lub hom phiaj, rov ua dua tom qab thawj. Qhov thib peb tseem tswj hwm nws tus kheej thiab tsis tso tseg qhia nws xub mus rau lub hom phiaj thib peb thiab plaub. Qhov thib tsib, txawm li cas los xij, tseem dhau ntawm nws txoj kev tswj hwm. Yog li, dependence: 1 - (a), 2 - (b), 3 - (c), 3 - (d), (e) - unpaired element of the set of targets. Cov ntsiab lus: xws li kev sib piv ntawm kev teeb tsa tsis yog kev phais, tsis yog kev txhaj tshuaj, thiab tsis yog bijection.

Tam sim no tsim kev sib tw, txhaj tshuaj lossis txhaj tshuaj yuav tsis muaj teeb meem, nrog rau kev nrhiav qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv.

Pom zoo: