Ozone yog cov roj uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tib neeg. Cov tshuaj lom neeg uas nws tau tsim yog oxygen O. Qhov tseeb, ozone O 3yog ib qho ntawm cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pa oxygen, muaj peb lub qauv (O÷O÷O). Thawj thiab paub zoo tshaj yog cov pa oxygen nws tus kheej, qhov tseeb dua cov roj uas yog tsim los ntawm ob ntawm nws cov atoms (O=O) - O2.
Allotropy yog lub peev xwm ntawm ib qho tshuaj lom neeg los tsim ntau cov sib txuas yooj yim nrog cov khoom sib txawv. Ua tsaug rau nws, tib neeg tau kawm thiab siv cov khoom xws li pob zeb diamond thiab graphite, monoclinic thiab rhombic sulfur, oxygen thiab ozone. Cov khoom siv tshuaj uas muaj peev xwm no tsis tas yuav txwv rau ob qho kev hloov kho, qee qhov muaj ntau dua.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev sib txuas qhib
Lub tsev tsim khoom ntawm ntau cov organic thiab ntxhia tshuaj, suav nrog xws li ozone - cov khoom siv tshuaj, kev xaivuas O yog oxygen, txhais los ntawm Greek "oxys" - qaub, thiab "gignomai" - yug.
Thawj zaug, qhov kev hloov pauv tshiab ntawm cov pa oxygen thaum lub sijhawm sim nrog cov hluav taws xob tawm hauv xyoo 1785 los ntawm Dutchman Martin van Marun, nws qhov kev xav tau nyiam los ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw tshwj xeeb. Thiab ib puas xyoo tom qab, Fab Kis Fab Kis Shenbein tau sau tseg tias muaj tib yam tom qab cua daj cua dub, uas ua rau cov roj hu ua "smelling". Tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tau dag me ntsis, ntseeg tias lawv qhov kev hnov tsw tsw ntxhiab tsw ozone nws tus kheej. Cov ntxhiab tsw lawv tsw yog cov organic tebchaw oxidized los ntawm reacting nrog O3 vim cov roj yog reactive heev.
hluav taws xob qauv
O2 thiab O3, cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, muaj cov qauv zoo ib yam. Ozone muaj ib tug complex qauv. Hauv cov pa oxygen, txhua yam yooj yim - ob lub pa oxygen atom txuas nrog ob daim ntawv cog lus, suav nrog ϭ- thiab π-cov khoom, raws li qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm lub caij. O3 muaj ntau lub suab nrov.
Ib daim ntawv cog lus ob txuas ob lub pa oxygen, thiab qhov thib peb muaj ib qho. Yog li, vim yog kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm π-cov khoom, hauv daim duab tag nrho, peb lub atoms muaj kev sib txuas ib-thiab-ib-ib nrab. Daim ntawv cog lus no luv dua ib daim ntawv cog lus tab sis ntev dua ob daim ntawv cog lus. Cov kev sim ua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tsis suav nrog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cyclic molecule.
Synthesis method
Rau qhov tsim cov pa roj xws li ozone, cov tshuaj lom neeg cov pa oxygen yuav tsum nyob rau hauv cov pa nruab nrab ntawm cov atoms. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no yog tsim los ntawm kev sib tsoooxygen molecules O2 nrog electrons thaum lub sij hawm hluav taws xob tawm los yog lwm yam hais nrog lub zog siab, nrog rau thaum nws yog irradiated nrog ultraviolet.
Tus tsov ntxhuav feem ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj ozone nyob rau hauv lub ntuj tsim yog tsim los ntawm ib tug photochemical txoj kev. Tus txiv neej nyiam siv lwm txoj hauv kev hauv tshuaj lom neeg, xws li, piv txwv li, electrolytic synthesis. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias platinum electrodes tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho chaw aqueous electrolyte thiab pib tam sim no. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv:
N2O + O2 → O3 + N 2 + e-
Lub cev muaj zog
Oxygen (O) yog ib chav tsev ntawm cov khoom xws li ozone - cov khoom siv tshuaj, cov mis uas, nrog rau cov molar pawg, tau qhia nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm. Tsim O3, oxygen tau txais cov khoom sib txawv ntawm O2.
Cov roj xiav yog lub xeev ib txwm muaj xws li ozone. Cov khoom siv tshuaj, cov mis, cov yam ntxwv ntau - tag nrho cov no tau txiav txim siab thaum lub sijhawm txheeb xyuas thiab kawm txog cov khoom no. Lub boiling point yog -111.9 ° C, lub liquefied lub xeev muaj ib tug tsaus liab doog xim, nrog ib tug ntxiv txo nyob rau hauv lub degree mus rau -197.2 ° C, melting pib. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke, ozone tau txais cov xim dub nrog violet tint. Nws solubility yog kaum npaug siab dua cov cuab yeej ntawm cov pa O2. Ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws concentrations nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, ib tug xav tiastus ntxhiab tsw ntawm ozone, nws yog ntse, tshwj xeeb thiab zoo li tus ntxhiab tsw ntawm hlau.
tshuaj muaj zog
nquag heev, los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm qhov pom, yog ozone gas. Cov tshuaj uas tsim nws yog oxygen. Cov yam ntxwv uas txiav txim siab tus cwj pwm ntawm ozone hauv kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam tshuaj yog qhov muaj peev xwm oxidizing siab thiab tsis ruaj khov ntawm cov roj nws tus kheej. Ntawm qhov kub siab, nws decomposes ntawm qhov tsis tau pom dua, cov txheej txheem nrawm nrawm los ntawm cov khoom siv xws li hlau oxides, chlorine, nitrogen dioxide, thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom ntawm tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing yog muaj nyob rau hauv ozone vim cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov molecule thiab kev txav mus los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov pa atoms, uas, tawg tawm, tig cov roj rau hauv oxygen: O 3→ O2 + O ·
Oxygen (lub cib los ntawm cov molecules ntawm cov khoom xws li oxygen thiab ozone tsim) yog cov khoom siv tshuaj. Raws li nws tau sau rau hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - O. Ozone oxidizes tag nrho cov hlau tsuas yog kub, platinum thiab nws cov pab pawg. Nws reacts nrog gases nyob rau hauv cov huab cua - oxides ntawm leej faj, nitrogen thiab lwm yam. Organic tshuaj tsis nyob twj ywm inert ib qho; cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rhuav tshem ntau daim ntawv cog lus los ntawm kev tsim cov sib txuas nruab nrab yog qhov ceev tshwj xeeb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj teeb meem rau ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg. Cov no yog dej, oxygen, ntau dua oxides ntawm ntau yam, carbon oxides. Binary compounds ntawm calcium, titanium thiab silicon nrog oxygen tsis cuam tshuam nrog ozone.
Daim ntawv thov
Qhov chaw tseem ceeb uas siv roj "tsim" yogkev ozonation. Txoj kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb dua rau cov kab mob muaj sia dua li tshuaj tua kab mob nrog chlorine. Thaum purifying dej nrog ozone, tsim cov tshuaj lom methane derivatives, hloov los ntawm halogens txaus ntshai, tsis tshwm sim.
Ntau zuj zus, txoj kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam ib puag ncig yog siv hauv kev lag luam khoom noj. Cov khoom siv tub yees, cov chaw khaws khoom noj tau kho nrog ozone, thiab cov ntxhiab tsw raug tshem tawm nrog nws.
Rau tshuaj, cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm ozone kuj tseem ceeb. Lawv disinfect cov qhov txhab, saline daws. Cov ntshav venous yog ozonated, thiab ntau cov kab mob ntev tau kho nrog "tsim" roj.
Nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab lub ntsiab lus
Cov khoom siv yooj yim ozone yog ib feem ntawm cov roj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub stratosphere, thaj tsam ze-Lub Ntiaj Teb qhov chaw nyob ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 20-30 km ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Kev tso tawm ntawm qhov sib xyaw no tshwm sim thaum cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog hluav taws xob tawm, thaum vuam, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab luam ntawv. Tab sis nws yog nyob rau hauv lub stratosphere uas 99% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm ozone nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no huab cua yog tsim thiab muaj.
Qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb yog qhov muaj roj nyob ze-Lub Ntiaj Teb. Nws tsim nyob rau hauv nws lub thiaj li hu ua ozone txheej, uas tiv thaiv tag nrho cov muaj sia nyob los ntawm cov tuag ultraviolet hluav taws xob ntawm lub hnub. Oddly txaus, tab sis nrog rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo, cov roj nws tus kheej yog qhov txaus ntshai rau tib neeg. Kev nce hauv qhov concentration ntawm ozone nyob rau hauv cov huab cua uas ib tug neeg ua pa yog teeb meem rau lub cev, vim nws cov tshuaj lom neeg heev.
