Kev xaiv txoj haujlwm yog ib kauj ruam loj heev. Nws nyob ntawm nws seb lub neej yav tom ntej yuav hloov mus li cas. Muaj ob peb txoj haujlwm. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog ib tug kws kho mob. Txoj haujlwm no yog qhov nthuav thiab xav tau ntawm kev ua lag luam, tab sis ua ntej koj tau txais nws, koj yuav tsum xav txog seb nws puas haum rau koj lub peev xwm thiab kev nyiam, seb puas muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb uas tsim nyog hauv kev ua haujlwm yav tom ntej.
Pediatrics as a branch of tshuaj
Xyoo 1847, phau ntawv txhais lus hauv tsev "Pediatrika" tau luam tawm. Nws tus kws sau ntawv yog tus kws kho mob S. F. Khotovitsky. Tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb no hauv nws phau ntawv txhais tau hais tias qhov chaw ntawm cov menyuam yaus ntawm cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb. Nws qhia nws txoj haujlwm thiab lub hom phiaj. Yog li, S. F. Khotovitsky tau los ua tus tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab pediatrics. Yog li ntawd, lo lus no txhais li cas? Lub ntsiab ntawm cov tshuaj no yog dab tsi? Pediatrics yog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kab mob ntawm tus menyuam lub cev, lawv cov kev kho mob thiab kev tiv thaiv. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog khaws cia tus menyuam txoj kev noj qab haus huv lossis rov zoo li qub thaum muaj mob.
Pediatrics yog conventionally subdividedrau hauv ob peb ceg (kev taw qhia):
- Kev Tiv Thaiv Cov Menyuam Yaus. Lo lus no yog hais txog kev ntsuas kev tiv thaiv kev tshwm sim ntawm ntau yam kab mob.
- Clinical Pediatrics. Cov cheeb tsam no suav nrog kev kuaj mob, kev kho mob thiab kho cov me nyuam mob.
- Kev Tshawb Fawb Pediatrics. Qhov kev taw qhia no, lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub formulation ntawm paradigms. Lawv raug coj los ntawm cov kws kho mob ntxiv hauv lawv txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm.
- Kev Kho Mob Pediatrics. Cov dej num ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb no yog kev kawm txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm menyuam yaus, kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo thiab kev kho mob rau cov menyuam yaus.
- Ib puag ncig Pediatrics. Thaj chaw no ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam ntuj tsim rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov menyuam yaus.
History of domestic pediatrics
Kev Kho Mob Hauv Tebchaws Russia tau tshwm sim raws li kev qhuab qhia kev kho mob nyob rau xyoo pua 19th. Lub sijhawm no, thawj phau ntawv txhais lus thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv hauv tebchaws tau pib luam tawm (piv txwv li, N. Rosen von Rosenstein's Guide to the Knowledge and Healing of Infantile Diseases, Ib Lo Lus ntawm Kev Tsim Nyog txhais tau tias txhawb zog me nyuam mos rau kev yug me nyuam hauv lub Fatherland of Our People by A. Thiab Danilevsky).
Raws li kev kho cov menyuam yaus, nws tsim nyog hais tias txog thaum xyoo pua 19th, tag nrho cov haujlwm tsim nyog tau ua hauv tsev. Obstetricians thiab kws kho mob tau muab tswv yim dav dav. Thawj cov me nyuam lub txaj, raws li keeb kwm ntawm pediatrics ua tim khawv, tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub chaw kho mob ntawm Ivan Petrovich Frank, qhib nyob rau hauv 1806. Ob peb xyoos tom qab cov nocov chaw tau raug tshem tawm. Thawj lub tsev kho mob menyuam yaus tau qhib tsuas yog xyoo 1834 hauv St. Petersburg.
Tam sim no, muaj ntau lub tsev haujlwm hauv tebchaws Russia uas muab kev kho mob rau cov neeg mob hluas thiab lawv niam:
- Cov menyuam yaus (lub nroog, cheeb tsam, cheeb tsam, koom pheej, koog tsev kawm ntawv) thiab cov tsev kho mob tshwj xeeb (tuberculosis, kis kab mob, kev puas siab puas ntsws) cov tsev kho mob;
- polyclinics (hauv nroog, kho hniav) thiab ntau lub chaw (kuaj xyuas, kho dua tshiab);
- tsev kawm ntawv tiv thaiv menyuam yaus thiab niam txiv (me nyuam lub tsev, chaw perinatal, chav ua noj mis nyuj, kev sib tham poj niam).
Kev saib xyuas tsim nyog tau txais Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Pediatrics muaj npe tom qab Academician Yuri Evgenievich Veltishchev. Qhov no yog lub tsev kawm tshawb fawb qub tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia. Ntau yam haujlwm tau ua ntawm no rau cov menyuam yaus. Txhua qhov kev kho mob rau cov menyuam mos nrog kev xa mus yog dawb xwb. Nws yog nyiaj txiag los ntawm tsoomfwv cov peev nyiaj. Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Menyuam Yaus tsis tsuas yog muab kev pabcuam khomob nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem muaj kev tawm tswv yim.
Lub Hom Phiaj thiab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho menyuam yaus
Ib txoj haujlwm ntawm ceg tshuaj no yog kev kuaj mob thiab kho ntau yam kab mob. Cov kws kho mob txheeb xyuas cov kab mob hauv cov menyuam yaus raws li cov tsos mob, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim thiab kuaj. Tom qab kev kuaj mob, cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb tau sau cov kev kho mob uas tsim nyog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws kho mob ib txwm siv zog rau kev kho tshuaj tsawg tsawg, vim tias tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj tshuaj ntau hauv feem ntau.cov xwm txheej dhau los ua qhov tsis paub tseeb.
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev kho menyuam yaus muaj ib txoj haujlwm ntxiv - nws yog kev kho cov menyuam yaus. Tom qab kev txom nyem cov kab mob, lub cev hluas yuav tsum tau rov qab los. Hauv qhov no, tom qab rov zoo, cov menyuam yuav xav tau:
- sparing txhua hnub (kev zam ntawm kev ua si, ntxiv loads);
- kev kho mob stimulating (phytotherapy, siv cov vitamin npaj);
- kev zam kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv;
- nyob hauv tsev kho mob.
Kev tiv thaiv kab mob kuj tseem yog cov haujlwm ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Nws tuaj yeem yog thawj, theem nrab thiab theem nrab. Kev tiv thaiv thawj zaug yog hais txog kev tiv thaiv kev txhim kho ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev ntsuas asepsis. Kev tiv thaiv thib ob yog ua raws li kev tshawb pom ntawm cov tsos mob thaum ntxov. Vim kev kuaj mob raws sij hawm, qhov tshwm sim hnyav tuaj yeem zam tau. Kev tiv thaiv Thib Ob yog ib txheej kev ntsuas los tiv thaiv kev kis tus kab mob uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis taus.
Raws li cov dej num saum toj no, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas cov kws kho mob tshawb fawb hauv tshuaj:
- kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm menyuam yaus;
- ua rau muaj kab mob thiab raug mob, lawv cov tsos mob;
- kho thiab tiv thaiv kab mob;
- pab thawj zaug rau ntau yam kev raug mob thiab kev sib tsoo, thiab lwm yam.
Profession "pediatrician"
Tus kws kho mob yog tus kws kuaj mob, kho thiab tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob thiab kev raug mob ntawm tib neeg. Txoj haujlwm no yog ib qho ntawm cov laus tshaj plaws thiab feem ntauhwm hauv zej zog. Nws suav nrog ntau yam tshwj xeeb. Ib tug yog kws kho mob.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb yog kho cov neeg mob me. Tus kws kho mob tsis ua raws li tus qauv. Nws nrhiav tau ib txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb rau txhua tus menyuam yaus, qhia meej txog kev tsis txaus siab los ntawm kev sib tham, siv cov txheej txheem kuaj mob uas tsim nyog, txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig, txhim kho cov kev kho mob ntawm tus kheej feem ntau. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kws kho menyuam yaus tsis txwv rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov menyuam muaj mob. Tus kws tshaj lij tseem tab tom ua cov ntaub ntawv.
Txoj haujlwm ntawm "tus kws kho menyuam yaus" yog qhov xav tau hauv kev ua lag luam. Beginners sai sai nrhiav kev siv rau lawv tus kheej. Cov nyiaj hli nyob ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm thiab qib kev tshaj lij. Nws yog qhov tsawg ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tshiab ua haujlwm hauv xeev cov tsev kho mob. Cov kws kho mob muaj kev paub dhau los ntawm cov chaw kho mob lag luam tau txais cov nyiaj hli zoo.
Leej twg tuaj yeem dhau los ua tus kws kho mob?
Tsuas yog cov neeg uas muaj kev kawm kho mob siab dua tuaj yeem kho cov menyuam yaus. Koj tuaj yeem tau txais nws ntawm lub tsev kawm tshwj xeeb (kev kawm, lub koom haum). Kev kawm yog qhov nyuaj heev, vim tias cov tshuaj niaj hnub yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm kev paub. Kev kawm hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv kho mob kav ntev li 6 xyoo ua haujlwm puv sijhawm. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tau txais kev kawm nyob rau hauv absentia.
Cov neeg uas txaus siab rau txoj haujlwm ntawm "tus kws kho mob menyuam yaus" thiab leej twg xav txuas lawv lub neej yav tom ntej nrog tshuaj yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev kawm kho mob siab dua xwb, tab sis kuj yog tus kheej zoo xws li:
- kev hlub;
- kev hlub;
- observant;
- responsibility;
- kev sib txuas lus.
Ua ib tug kws kho mob
Muaj ntau lub tsev kawm kho mob hauv tebchaws Russia. Ib lub tsev kawm ntawv zoo tshaj plaws yog SPbGPMU. Deciphering no abbreviation - St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University. Lub tsev kawm ntawv no tau ua haujlwm txij li xyoo 1925. Cov neeg uas xav ua tus kws kho mob yav tom ntej tuaj yeem tso npe rau ntawm no ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Pediatrics. Kev tshuaj xyuas txog nws yog qhov zoo. Cov tub ntxhais kawm nthuav tawm cov kev xav zoo txog kev kawm zoo thiab cov kws qhia ntawv. Muaj lwm cov faculties ntawm SPbGPMU:
- kawm tiav qib siab thiab kev kawm txuj ci ntxiv;
- kev puas siab puas ntsws;
- dental;
- " tshuaj".
Thawj Moscow State Medical University muaj npe tom qab Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov kuj tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas ntawm cov neeg thov uas npau suav los ua kws kho mob. Nws yog lub tsev kawm ntawv loj tshaj plaws thiab qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev kawm qib siab hauv lub tebchaws hauv kev kho mob, nrhiav tau hauv 1755. Nws cov qauv suav nrog 10 faculties. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog menyuam yaus. Muaj 8 chav haujlwm hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv no:
- pediatrics thiab pediatric rheumatology;
- tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua xua;
- kev phais me nyuam;
- kev huv rau menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas;
- pediatrics thiab menyuam yaus kis kab mob;
- mob ntshav qab zib thiab endocrinology;
- neonatology;
- propaedeutics ntawm cov kab mob menyuam yaus.
Lwm qhov piv txwv yog Altai State Medical University. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1954. Cov faculties hauv qab no yog qhov txawv ntawm nws cov qauv: kev kho mob, kho hniav, kws tshuaj, kev kho mob thiab kev tiv thaiv, kev cob qhia qib siab ntawm kws kho mob, kev kawm hauv tsev laus. Pediatrician yog ib txoj haujlwm uas tuaj yeem tau txais ntawm no. Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Pediatrics tau muaj txij li xyoo 1966. Rau txhua lub sijhawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, ntau tus kws tshaj lij tsim nyog tau raug tso tawm.
Nkag mus rau Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Pediatrics
Txhawm rau nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm kho mob ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv menyuam yaus, cov menyuam kawm ntawv xeem dhau chemistry, biology thiab lus Lavxias. Cov ntsiab lus tau txais yog muab coj los rau hauv tus account los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Thaum tsis muaj USE cov qhabnias, cov neeg thov xeem dhau kev xeem nkag hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm tsev kawm ntawv. Lawv daim ntawv yog txawv: qhov ncauj lossis sau ntawv (hauv daim ntawv xeem, cov lus teb rau cov lus nug, thiab lwm yam). Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev xeem yuav tsum raug kuaj ua ntej nrog lub chaw txais neeg nkag ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv xaiv.
Yuav kom ua tiav kev xeem nkag hauv chemistry, biology thiab lus Lavxias thaum nkag, nws txaus los ua tus tswv tsev kawm cov ntaub ntawv kawm zoo. Yog tias koj xav tau, koj tuaj yeem tso npe rau hauv cov chav kawm npaj. Lawv muaj los ntawm txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv kho mob, kev kawm, lub koom haum. Hauv cov chav kawm, koj tuaj yeem nco qab cov ntaub ntawv kawm yav dhau los, nug cov lus nug uas txaus siab.
Tus kws kho mob menyuam yaus yog ib txoj haujlwm uas tuaj yeem tau txais hauv tsev kawm ntawv ob leeg rau tus nqi thiab dawb. Txhawm rau nkag mus rau qhov chaw siv nyiaj, koj yuav tsum dhau qhov kev xaiv sib tw. Nws muaj xws li ib tug "dhau qhab nia". Qhov no yog qhov tsawg kawg nkauscov ntsiab lus, uas yog txaus kom dhau cov peev nyiaj. Pawg neeg nkag mus ib txwm hu cov lej xyoo dhau los ua cov neeg thov, vim tias cov qhab nia xeem dhau los tsuas yog paub tom qab dhau qhov kev xeem nkag thiab tsim cov qhab nia ntawm cov neeg thov.
Kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Pediatrics
Kev cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij pib nrog kev kawm txog kev tshawb fawb txog ntuj tsim, kev kho mob thiab kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kawm biomedical. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tau paub txog cov qauv ntawm tib neeg lub cev, cov txheej txheem anatomical thiab physiological tshwm sim hauv nws. Tom qab ntawd kev cob qhia pib ntawm cov chaw kho mob tshwj xeeb. Cov kws kho mob yav tom ntej hauv chav kawm kawm txog kev kuaj mob, kev kho mob thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob menyuam yaus, cov lus nug tam sim no thiab cov lus teb ntawm cov kws kho mob.
Kev kawm hauv tsev kawm kho mob suav nrog kev tau txais tsis yog kev tshawb fawb xwb, tab sis kuj muaj kev paub txog tswv yim. Thawj qhov kev xyaum ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv yog hu ua kev kawm. Nws suav nrog kev saib xyuas menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus. Cov kev coj ua hauv qab no yog hu ua kev tsim khoom. Thaum lawv dhau mus, cov tub ntxhais kawm ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob:
- Tus pab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kho mob me (ntawm chav kawm thib 1);
- Pab pawg saib xyuas neeg mob (rau xyoo thib 2);
- Tus kws saib xyuas neeg mob txheej txheem (3rd xyoo);
- Tus kws kho mob hauv tsev kho mob (hnub xyoo 4);
- Tus kws kho mob tus pab ntawm lub tsev kho mob menyuam yaus (tus menyuam kawm xyoo 5).
Txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws kho menyuam yaus
Cov neeg uas tab tom kawm hauv tsev kho mob yuav tsum paubqhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho menyuam yaus, nrog rau cov kev cov nyom uas lawv yuav ntsib yav tom ntej. Tus kws kho mob tsis yog kuaj tus menyuam xwb, kuaj mob thiab sau ntawv kho mob. Tus kws kho mob kuj pab txhawb rau kev kawm ntawm cov niam txiv:
- tsom niam ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev pub niam mis;
- kev ntseeg ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev xoob swaddling;
- piav qhia rau niam txiv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj;
- tawm tsam lub caij ntuj no ua luam dej rau cov menyuam yaus thiab lwm yam.
Tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tsis txhob hem niam txiv nrog kev kuaj mob. Nyob rau hauv cov kab mob ntev, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov cia niam thiab txiv cia siab rau qhov kev cia siab. Nrog rau cov kab mob pathological incurable, rov qab tsis tuaj yeem cog lus. Nws tseem tsis tsim nyog los qhia qhov tseeb tag nrho ib zaug, vim nws tsis paub tias tib neeg yuav ua li cas rau qhov kev kuaj mob phem. Tsuas yog ib tug ntawm cov niam txiv tuaj yeem hais qhia txog tus mob uas twb muaj lawm.
Thaum ntsib tus menyuam muaj mob, tus kws kho mob yuav tsum ua siab ntev, ua siab ntev. Tus menyuam yuav hnov qhov kev saib xyuas, saib xyuas thiab tso siab rau tus kws tshaj lij. Yuav tsum muaj kev sib cuag lub cev. Kev ntshai ntawm tus me nyuam yuav txo qis vim qhov kov, stroking. Yog tias tus menyuam yws yws ntawm qhov mob, koj yuav tsum tau nug nws kom qhia qhov chaw uas mob. Tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum ua kom paub tseeb tias qhov tau hais thiab hnov qhov mob thiab tsis mob. Thaum lub sij hawm ntsuam xyuas, tsis muaj teeb meem koj yuav tsum txaj muag tus neeg mob me, luag rau nws.
Ntseeg kws kho mob
Ntau tus neeg paub Evgeny Olegovich Komarovsky. Qhov no yog ib tug kws kho mob, kws kho mob ntawm cov qeb siab tshaj plaws. Nws tau sau ob peb phau ntawv thiab cov lus hais txog cov kab mob thaum yau, kev noj qab haus huvcov menyuam. Komarovsky kuj yog ib tug TV presenter. Nyob rau hauv 2010, ib qho kev pab cuam hu ua "Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Dr. Komarovsky" pib ntawm ib tug ntawm cov Ukrainian TV channel. Hauv nws, tus kws kho mob qhia cov neeg saib hauv txoj hauv kev siv tau txog ntau yam kev mob thaum yau, nrog rau yuav kho lawv li cas. Nkag siab txog kev kho menyuam yaus. Rau cov menyuam yaus, koj tuaj yeem qhib qhov program no.
Leonid Mikhailovich Roshal tau ua haujlwm loj rau kev txhim kho menyuam yaus. Qhov no yog ib tug Soviet thiab Lavxias teb sab kws kho mob, kws phais neeg, kws kho mob sciences. Tus kws tshaj lij tau sau ntau tus lej ntawm monographs. Roshal kuj paub txog nws lub siab tawv. Nws cawm cov menyuam yaus cuam tshuam los ntawm av qeeg, kev tsov kev rog thiab kev puas tsuaj.
Lwm tus kws kho mob paub zoo - Alexander Alexandrovich Baranov. Nws tau sau txog 500 cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb (monographs, phau ntawv kawm thiab phau ntawv qhia). Tam sim no, Alexander Baranov ua haujlwm ntawm IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University. Nws yog Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Kev Kho Mob thiab Pediatric Rheumatology, Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Pediatrics.
Nyob rau hauv xaus, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias pediatrics yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj. Yog tias koj xav ua ib tug kws kho mob, koj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv kho mob. Ua tus kws kho mob yog qhov nthuav, tab sis nyuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias tus kws kho mob yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog qhov tsim nyog theoretical kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse, tab sis kuj yog tus kheej zoo. Nws yuav tsum txaus siab rau cov me nyuam thiab lawv txoj kev zoo.
