Kev tshawb fawb hauv kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tau nce zuj zus txhua xyoo. Hauv qhov no, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb yog qhov cuam tshuam.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev siv thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv kev tshawb fawb yog pom tseeb tsis yog hauv kev xav xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam-kev lag luam.
History Pages
Raws li kev hloov pauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis txuas ntxiv mus, qhov feem ntawm engineering thiab kev tshawb fawb tau nce zuj zus. Tab sis txij li kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb yog kev sib txuas ntawm ntau ceg ntawm kev paub, nws nyuaj rau tham txog kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb yam tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb thiab kev tshawb fawb.
Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb piv ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev siv rau kev siv sciences, peb tuaj yeem tham txog kev txhim kho ntawm cov kev taw qhia no. Lub Academy ntawm Basic Sciences systematizes ib tug neeg txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev tshawb fawb, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau kev txhim kho ib txwm ua hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov siv industries.
Problems
Vim qhov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau hom kev tshawb fawb,muaj teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev xaiv cov txheej txheem tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb, kev tshawb nrhiav qhov chaw uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev xyaum niaj hnub, tab sis muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo cuam tshuam rau kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev tsim khoom siv thev naus laus zis. Piv txwv li, physics yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb, raws li cov txheej txheem tshiab thiab cov khoom tsim tawm.
Cov laj thawj cuam tshuam rau kev tshawb fawb
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev siv thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb hauv zej zog niaj hnub no yog dab tsi? Qhov teeb meem no tau kawm los ntawm sociologists rau lub sijhawm ntev. Nws muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus qhia xaiv rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam sab nraud, kev sib raug zoo, kev coj noj coj ua.
Txawm tias muaj kev txawj ntse ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm qhov kev sim, nrog kev npaj tag nrho, kwv yees txoj kev kawm, feem ntau muaj teeb meem ntau yam uas cuam tshuam qhov tau txais txiaj ntsig. Txij li cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb yog ib txoj hauv kev los ua ntau yam kev sim thiab kev tshawb fawb, ib qho kev ncua feem ntau ua rau xav tau ntau qhov kev sim dua.
Nrog unilateral stimulation ntawm thov cov ceg ntawm kev tshawb fawb los yog thaum ua tsuas yog kev tshawb fawb theoretical, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau suav rau ib tug zoo, tsim cov ntaub ntawv uas pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science. Hauv qhov no, lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb rau kev sib raug zoo yuav tsawg, thiab tsis muaj kev tham txog kev vam meej.
Tam sim no hauvNyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab siv science, tau muaj qhov zoo sib xws rau kev hloov pauv thiab kev loj hlob. Cov tub ceev xwm hauv xeev tab tom siv qee yam kev ntsuas txhawm rau txhawm rau ntxiv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb siv.
Qhov txawv ntawm kev thov thiab kev tshawb fawb yooj yim
Fundamental science yog cov kev tshawb fawb uas tsom rau kev tshuaj xyuas qhov tshwm sim tshiab, txheej txheem, cuam tshuam, nrhiav pom cov cai uas yuav piav qhia txog txheej txheem thiab tswj lawv.
Thaum ua kev tshawb fawb siv, kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb yog siv rau kev nyiam ntawm cov zej zog. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tseem ceeb feem ntau tsis xav txog cov txiaj ntsig uas qhib kev cai lij choj thiab cov xwm txheej yuav coj mus rau qhov ua tau zoo. Piv txwv li, chemistry yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb ntawm cov xwm txheej uas qhia txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj, tshuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv.
Yuav kom siv qhov kev paub no, qhov kev tshawb fawb no muaj ntau qhov chaw siv. Nws yog lawv cov uas muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov kev cai qhib thiab cov cai, cov ntsiab lus thiab cov txiaj ntsig, nyeem cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam uas ua tau.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev thov thiab kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb
Rau lub sijhawm ntev, kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb thiab siv tau raug tawm tsam ib leeg, ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv loj ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiabkev coj ua uas muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws. Lub pragmatic thiab utilitarian mus kom ze rau kev tshawb fawb, uas yuav tsom mus rau lub tswv yim tam sim no cov txiaj ntsig, nrog rau cov kev xaiv uas koom nrog kev tau txais kev paub ntshiab, tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam thiab tsis lees txais rau tag nrho cov hav zoov thiab kev loj hlob ntawm science.
Qhov xwm txheej zoo tshaj yog ib qho kev paub tseem ceeb tau ntxiv thiab lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev sim.
Cov kev cai lij choj ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub hom phiaj yog lub hauv paus rau kev siv hauv kev xyaum, lawv tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Kev tshawb fawb hauv ntau yam kev thov tso cai rau peb muab cov teeb meem tseem ceeb, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb nrhiav. Nws yog qhov tseeb dua los tham txog kev siv thiab qhov tseem ceeb hauv tib txoj kev qhuab qhia.
Vim li cas biology yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb? Qhov teeb meem no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev saib cov lus qhia tau txheeb xyuas hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Muaj lub tswv yim hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob nyob, nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas cov teeb meem thiab nrhiav txoj hauv kev los tshem tawm lawv. Ua tsaug rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm biology, kev lag luam tshuaj thiab tshuaj lom neeg tau tsim, thiab kev tsim kho tshiab tau tsim hauv tshuaj.
Raws li qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm nws qhov kev xav thiab kev ua tau zoo nrog kev ua neej nyob, kev tsim khoom tiag. Kev faib cov kev tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua rau hauv kev siv thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tshwm sim los ntawmkev nce qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb, nrog rau kev nce hauv kev siv nws cov txiaj ntsig hauv kev xyaum.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb
Kev tshawb fawb raws li ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm lub koom haum kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nco qab tshwm thiab raug tsim los ua ib hom kev paub txog kev cai lij choj ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntuj tsim, pab txhawb rau lub hom phiaj kev txawj ntse ntawm lawv, subordination ntawm tej yam ntuj tso ntsiab rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm noob neej. Tau kawg, txawm tias ua ntej kev tshawb pom ntawm ntau txoj cai, tib neeg siv lub zog ntawm xwm.
Tab sis qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov kev sib cuam tshuam no tsawg heev, feem ntau lawv raug txo qis rau kev soj ntsuam, kev nthuav dav, hloov pauv ntawm cov zaub mov txawv thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm xwm (geography, biology, chemistry, physics), kev ua ub no tau txais ib txoj hauv kev zoo ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Rau kev siv, lawv pib siv tsis yog empiricism, tab sis lub hom phiaj txoj cai ntawm cov tsiaj qus.
Kev sib cais ntawm kev tshawb xav los ntawm kev xyaum
Tam sim tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb, kev nqis tes ua thiab kev paub, kev coj ua thiab kev xav tau pib sib ntxiv, ua ke los daws qee yam teeb meem uas yuav ua rau muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib raug zoo.
Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm txuj ci, muaj ib qho kev tshwj xeeb uas tsis tuaj yeem zam thiab kev faib ua haujlwm hauv kev tshawb fawb. Txawm nyob rau hauv qhov theoretical realm, muaj kev sib cais ntawm kev sim los ntawm lub hauv paus.
Industrial tseem ceeb
Kev sim pib hauv chemistry, physics, biology tam sim nocuam tshuam nrog kev tsim khoom lag luam. Piv txwv li, niaj hnub kev teeb tsa rau kev siv cov thermonuclear hloov pauv tau nthuav tawm tag nrho raws li lub Hoobkas reactors. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam siv tam sim no suav tias yog qhov kev sim ntawm qee qhov kev xav thiab kev xav, kev tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev tsim nyog los siv cov txiaj ntsig hauv kev tsim khoom tshwj xeeb.
Space exploration
Tom qab kev sib cais ntawm kev siv thiab theoretical kev ua ub no hauv kev tshawb fawb ntuj, cov kev qhuab qhia tshiab tau tshwm sim: kev siv lub cev, siv chemistry. Ntawm cov kev nthuav dav ntawm kev paub txuj ci, xov tooj cua engineering, nuclear zog, thiab chaw lag luam yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Ntau qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia tseem ceeb, piv txwv li, lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv, kev siv tshuab, xov tooj cua electronics, hluav taws xob engineering, tsis yog siv ncaj qha rau hauv kev xyaum, tab sis ntau yam kev lag luam kev lag luam ua haujlwm ntawm lawv lub hauv paus, yam tsis muaj qhov ua tsis tau. tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no.
Tam sim no, tsis muaj leej twg txiav txim siab txog kev qhuab qhia raws li cov cheeb tsam sib cais, lawv tau nkag mus rau yuav luag txhua ceg ntawm natural science thiab ntau lawm.
New trends
Yuav daws cov teeb meem nyuaj thiab nyuaj, cov haujlwm tshiab thiab cov hom phiaj tau teeb tsa rau thaj chaw siv, cais cov chaw soj nstuam raug tsim nyob rau hauv uas tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb xwb, tab sis kuj tseem siv kev tshawb fawb.
Piv txwv li, cybernetics, nrog rau cov kev qhuab qhia muaj feem xyuam, pab txhawb rau kev ua qauv ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv xwm, nyobCov kab mob, pab kawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv mus, nrhiav txoj hauv kev los daws cov teeb meem uas tau txheeb pom.
Qhov no yog qhov kev lees paub ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev siv thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb.
Zoo kawg
Tsis yog cov kws tshawb fawb nkaus xwb, raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis tu ncua, tham txog qhov yuav tsum tau nrhiav kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sim siv thiab cov cai lij choj hauv kev tshawb fawb. Cov kws tshawb fawb lawv tus kheej nkag siab txog qhov xwm txheej ceev ntawm qhov teeb meem, lawv tab tom nrhiav kev tawm ntawm qhov xwm txheej no. Academician P. L. Kapitsa tau rov lees paub qhov kev tsim khoom ntawm kev faib cov kev tshawb fawb rau hauv cov ntawv thov thiab cov hauv paus. Nws ib txwm hais txog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev nrhiav txoj kab zoo uas yuav dhau los ua tus ciam teb ntawm kev coj ua thiab kev xav.
A. Yu. Ishlinsky tau hais tias nws yog "kev tshawb fawb paub daws teeb meem" uas muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig siab tshaj plaws rau kev tsim lub zej zog, nws txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev tsim.
Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, kuj muaj kev tawm tswv yim, uas suav nrog kev siv cov txiaj ntsig kev tshawb fawb los piav qhia txog qhov tseeb thiab cov cai ntawm xwm.
Txhua qhov kev sim ntawm qhov ua tau zoo, uas tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov xwm txheej, yog tsom tshwj xeeb kom tau txais cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb, uas yog, lawv koom nrog kev siv cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm kev tsim khoom tiag. Tias yog vim li cas kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb heev thaum ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw tshawb fawb thiab cov chaw sim tshwj xeeb.
