Saib ib pliag… Koj pom muaj pes tsawg hlau? Feem ntau thaum peb xav txog cov hlau, peb xav txog cov khoom uas ci ntsa iab thiab ruaj khov. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj muaj nyob hauv peb cov zaub mov thiab hauv peb lub cev. Cia wb mus saib tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov hlau uas paub txog kev tshawb fawb, kawm lawv cov khoom siv yooj yim thiab nrhiav seb vim li cas lawv thiaj li tshwj xeeb.
Dab tsi yog hlau?
Cov ntsiab lus uas plam electrons yooj yim, uas yog ci ntsa iab (reflective), malleable (tuaj yeem ua pwm rau hauv lwm cov duab), thiab suav tias yog cov khoom zoo ntawm cov cua sov thiab hluav taws xob hu ua hlau. Lawv tseem ceeb heev rau peb txoj kev ua neej, vim lawv tsis yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv thiab cov thev naus laus zis, tab sis kuj tseem ceeb rau kev tsim khoom ntawm yuav luag txhua yam khoom. Hlau tseem nyob hauv tib neeg lub cev. Saib ntawm daim ntawv lo multivitamin cov khoom xyaw, koj yuav pom ntau lub tebchaw uas tau teev tseg.
Tej zaum koj yuav tsis tau paub tias cov khoom xws li sodium, calcium, magnesium thiab zinc yog qhov tseem ceeb raulub neej, thiab yog tias lawv tsis tuaj ntawm peb lub cev, peb txoj kev noj qab haus huv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj. Piv txwv li, calcium yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov pob txha noj qab haus huv, magnesium rau cov metabolism. Zinc txhim kho lub cev tsis muaj zog, thaum hlau pab cov qe ntshav nqa oxygen thoob plaws lub cev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hlau hauv peb lub cev txawv ntawm cov hlau hauv ib rab diav lossis steel choj nyob rau hauv uas lawv tau poob electrons. Lawv hu ua cations.
Hlau kuj muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob, yog li cov tes tuav thiab tuav hauv cov chaw pej xeem feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus no. Nws paub tias ntau yam cuab yeej yog ua los ntawm cov nyiaj los tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob. Cov pob qij txha yog tsim los ntawm titanium alloys, uas ob leeg tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua rau cov neeg tau txais kev pab muaj zog.
Metals in the periodic table
Txhua lub ntsiab lus hauv Dmitri Mendeleev lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tau muab faib ua ob pawg loj: hlau thiab tsis yog hlau. Thawj yog ntau tshaj. Cov ntsiab lus feem ntau yog hlau (xiav). Cov hlau tsis yog hlau hauv lub rooj tau pom nyob rau tom qab daj. Tseem muaj ib pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tau muab cais ua metalloids (liab). Tag nrho cov hlau yog pawg nyob rau sab laug ntawm lub rooj. Nco ntsoov tias hydrogen yog pawg nrog cov hlau nyob rau sab laug sab laug. Txawm li cas los xij, nws suav hais tias yog non-metallic. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov kws tshawb fawb xav tias tej zaum yuav muaj cov hlau hlau hydrogen nyob hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntiaj teb Jupiter.
Hlau Bonding
Ntau yam zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zooIb lub ntsiab lus yuav tsum ua li cas nws cov atoms txuas rau ib leeg. Qhov no tsim ib qho kev sib txuas. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm hlau ntawm atoms ua rau kev tsim cov qauv hlau. Txhua qhov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom no hauv lub neej niaj hnub, los ntawm lub tsheb mus rau npib hauv hnab ris, suav nrog kev sib txuas hlau.
Thaum tus txheej txheem no, cov hlau atoms qhia lawv cov electrons sab nraud sib npaug. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntws ntawm qhov zoo ions tau yooj yim hloov hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob, ua rau cov ntsiab lus zoo xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob. Cov xov tooj tooj liab yog siv rau kev siv hluav taws xob.
Reactions of metals
Reactivity yog hais txog qhov nyiam ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus los cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj hauv nws ib puag ncig. Nws txawv. Qee cov hlau, xws li cov poov tshuaj thiab sodium (hauv kab 1 thiab 2 ntawm lub sij hawm lub sij hawm), hnov mob nrog ntau yam tshuaj sib txawv thiab tsis tshua pom muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntshiab, cov ntsiab lus. Ob qho tib si feem ntau tsuas muaj nyob hauv cov tebchaw (kev sib txuas rau ib lossis ntau lwm cov ntsiab lus) lossis raws li ions (tus nqi them nqi ntawm lawv daim ntawv teev npe).
Ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj lwm yam hlau, lawv kuj hu ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Kub, nyiaj thiab platinum tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim thiab feem ntau tshwm sim hauv lawv daim ntawv ntshiab. Cov hlau no plam electrons yooj yim dua li cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, tab sis tsis yooj yim li cov hlau reactive xws li sodium. Platinum kujnon-reactive thiab tiv taus cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxygen.
Element Properties
Thaum koj kawm cov tsiaj ntawv hauv tsev kawm theem qis, koj pom tias txhua tus tsiaj ntawv muaj lawv tus kheej cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, ib txhia muaj kab ncaj, ib txhia muaj nkhaus, thiab lwm tus muaj ob hom kab. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog cov ntsiab lus. Txhua yam ntawm lawv muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb txheej ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj. Lub cev muaj zog yog qhov zoo nyob hauv qee yam khoom. Ci los yog tsis, nws ua kom sov thiab hluav taws xob zoo npaum li cas, qhov kub thiab txias nws melts, nws ntom npaum li cas.
Cov khoom siv tshuaj muaj xws li cov yam ntxwv uas tau pom thaum lawv hnov mob rau cov pa oxygen yog tias lawv hlawv (nws yuav nyuaj npaum li cas rau lawv khaws lawv cov electrons thaum muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv). Cov ntsiab lus sib txawv tuaj yeem faib cov khoom sib txawv. Piv txwv li, hlau thiab tooj liab yog ob qho tib si cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis muaj cov khoom qub. Piv txwv li, thaum hlau raug rau huab cua ntub, nws xeb, tab sis thaum tooj liab raug rau tib yam mob, nws tau txais ib qho xim ntsuab txheej. Yog vim li ntawd tus pej thuam ntawm Liberty yog ntsuab thiab tsis rusty. Nws yog ua los ntawm tooj liab, tsis yog hlau).
Kev koom tes ntawm cov ntsiab lus: hlau thiab tsis yog hlau
Qhov tseeb tias cov ntsiab lus muaj qee qhov sib xws thiab cov khoom tshwj xeeb tso cai rau lawv los txheeb rau hauv daim duab zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj.hu ua periodic table. Nws npaj cov ntsiab lus raws li lawv tus lej atomic thiab cov khoom. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm, peb pom cov khoom ua ke ua ke uas muaj cov khoom sib xws. Hlau thiab tooj liab nyob ze rau ib leeg, ob leeg yog hlau. Hlau yog denoted los ntawm lub cim "Fe" thiab tooj liab yog denoted los ntawm lub cim "Cu".
Feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub rooj yog hlau, thiab lawv nyiam nyob rau sab laug ntawm lub rooj. Lawv tau ua ke ua ke vim lawv muaj qee yam ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Piv txwv li, hlau yog ntom, ci, lawv yog cov zoo conductors ntawm tshav kub thiab hluav taws xob, thiab lawv yooj yim plam electrons nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Hauv qhov sib piv, cov hlau tsis muaj hlau muaj qhov sib txawv. Lawv tsis ntom, tsis ua cua sov thiab hluav taws xob, thiab nyiam kom tau txais cov hluav taws xob ntau dua li muab rau lawv. Thaum peb saib ntawm lub rooj zaum, peb pom tias feem ntau ntawm cov tsis yog hlau yog pawg nyob rau sab xis. Cov no yog cov khoom xws li helium, carbon, nitrogen thiab oxygen.
Hav hlau yog dab tsi?
Cov npe ntawm cov hlau muaj ntau heev. Qee tus ntawm lawv tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke hauv lub cev thiab tsis muaj kev phom sij, xws li ntuj strontium (formula Sr), uas yog ib qho analogue ntawm calcium, vim nws tau muab tso rau hauv cov pob txha. Qhov twg ntawm lawv hu ua hnyav thiab yog vim li cas? Xav txog plaub yam piv txwv: txhuas, tooj liab, mercury, thiab arsenic.
Cov ntsiab lus no nyob qhov twg thiab lawv cuam tshuam li cas rau ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg noj qab haus huv? Hnyavcov hlau yog cov hlau, ib txwm muaj cov khoom sib txuas uas muaj qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom piv rau lwm cov hlau - tsawg kawg tsib zaug ntawm qhov ntom ntawm cov dej. Lawv yog cov tshuaj lom rau tib neeg. Txawm tias koob tshuaj me me tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim loj.
- Nkauj. Nws yog cov hlau hnyav uas muaj tshuaj lom rau tib neeg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog menyuam yaus. Tshuaj lom nrog cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem hauv lub paj hlwb. Txawm hais tias nws yog ib qho txaus nyiam heev vim nws qhov yooj yim, siab ceev, thiab muaj peev xwm nqus tau cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo, cov hlau lead tau raug faib tawm ntau txoj hauv kev. Qhov no mos, silvery hlau pom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog txaus ntshai rau tib neeg thiab accumulates nyob rau hauv lub cev lub sij hawm. Qhov phem tshaj yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem tshem nws. Nws zaum ntawd, accumulates thiab maj mam tshuaj lom lub cev. Lead yog tshuaj lom rau lub paj hlwb thiab tuaj yeem ua rau lub hlwb puas tsuaj rau cov menyuam yaus. Nws tau siv dav hauv xyoo 1800 los tsim cov pleev thiab kom txog rau thaum xyoo 1978 tau siv los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom xyaw hauv cov plaub hau zas. Niaj hnub no, txhuas siv feem ntau hauv cov roj teeb loj, ua X-ray shields, los yog rwb thaiv tsev rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
- Copper. Nws yog xim liab xim av hnyav hlau uas muaj ntau yam siv. Tooj liab tseem yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob, thiab ntau cov xov hluav taws xob yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau no thiab npog hauv cov yas. Cov npib, feem ntau me me hloov, kuj yog tsim los ntawm lub caij no ntawm lub caij nyoog. Kev mob hnyav tooj liab tsis tshua muaj, tab sis zoo li cov hlau lead, nws tuaj yeem sib sau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, nws thiaj li ua rau muaj toxicity. Cov neeg uas raug tooj liab los yog hmoov av tooj liab ntau kuj muaj kev pheej hmoo.
- Mercury. Cov hlau no muaj tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv txhua daim ntawv thiab tuaj yeem nqus tau los ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nws qhov tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias nws yog kua ntawm chav tsev kub, qee zaum hu ua "sai silver". Nws tuaj yeem pom hauv tus pas ntsuas kub vim tias, raws li cov kua dej, nws nqus cua sov, hloov ntim nrog qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov no tso cai rau cov mercury nce lossis poob rau hauv lub khob raj. Txij li cov tshuaj no yog ib qho muaj zog neurotoxin, ntau lub tuam txhab tau hloov mus rau xim liab-xim cawv ntsuas kub.
- Arsenic. Los ntawm Roman lub sij hawm mus txog rau thaum lub sij hawm Victorian, arsenic tau suav hais tias yog "tus huab tais ntawm cov tshuaj lom" thiab kuj yog "cov vaj ntxwv tshuaj lom." Keeb kwm yog riddled nrog suav tsis txheeb piv txwv ntawm ob leeg roy alty thiab commoners ua murders rau tus kheej nce, siv arsenic tebchaw uas tsis muaj ntxhiab, tsis muaj xim, thiab tasteless. Txawm tias tag nrho cov kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo, qhov no metalloid kuj muaj nws cov kev siv, txawm tias hauv tshuaj. Piv txwv li, arsenic trioxide yog ib yam tshuaj zoo heev siv los kho cov neeg mob promyelocytic leukemia.
Dab tsi yog hlau muaj nuj nqis?
Precious hlau yog hlau uastej zaum yuav tsis tshua muaj lossis nyuaj kom tau, thiab kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig heev. Cov npe ntawm cov hlau uas muaj nuj nqis yog dab tsi? Tag nrho peb muaj:
- Platinum. Txawm tias nws cov refractoriness, nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, electronics, tsheb, tshuaj txheej txheem thiab txawm tshuaj.
- kub. Cov hlau tseem ceeb no yog siv los ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab nyiaj npib kub. Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj ntau yam kev siv. Nws yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj, kev tsim khoom thiab cov khoom siv kuaj.
- Nyiaj. Noble hlau yog silvery dawb nyob rau hauv cov xim thiab yog heev malleable. nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab yog hnyav heev, nws yog sib dua li txhuas, tab sis hnyav dua tooj liab.
Metals: hom thiab khoom
Feem ntau cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem suav tias yog hlau. Lawv muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm sab laug ntawm lub rooj. Cov hlau yog alkali, alkaline ntiaj teb, kev hloov pauv, lanthanides thiab actinides.
Lawv txhua tus muaj ob peb yam sib xws, cov no yog:
- khoom ntawm chav tsev kub (tsis suav nrog mercury);
- xwb ci iab;
- siab melting point;
- tus neeg xyuas pib ntawm tshav kub thiab hluav taws xob;
- qis ionization muaj peev xwm;
- qis electronegativity;
- pliable (muaj peev xwm coj tau ib qho qauv);
- yas (tuaj yeem kos rau hauv xaim);
- siab ceev;
- ib yam khoom uas poob electrons hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Daim ntawv teev cov hlau paub txog kev tshawb fawb
- lithium;
- berylium;
- sodium;
- magnesium;
- aluminium;
- poov tshuaj;
- calcium;
- scandium;
- titanium;
- vanadium;
- chrome;
- manganese;
- iron;
- cob alt;
- nickel;
- tooj;
- zinc;
- galium;
- rubidium;
- strontium;
- yttrium;
- zirconium;
- niobium;
- molybdenum;
- technetium;
- ruthenium;
- rhodium;
- palladium;
- nyiaj;
- cadmium;
- indium;
- copernicus;
- cesium;
- barium;
- tin;
- iron;
- bismuth;
- lead;
- mercury;
- tungsten;
- kub;
- platinum;
- osmium;
- hafnium;
- germanium;
- iridium;
- niobium;
- rhenium;
- antimony;
- thallium;
- tantalum;
- Fabkis;
- livermorium.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, txog 105 cov tshuaj lom neeg paub, feem ntau yog hlau. Cov tom kawg yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, uas tshwm sim ob qho tib si hauv daim ntawv ntshiab thiab ua ib feem ntawm ntau lub tebchaw.
Metals tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ntawm lub ntiaj teb, lawv muaj peev xwm pom nyob rau hauv ntau lub cev ntawm dej, nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg, nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab txawm nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm, lawv yog nyob rau hauv pib nrog lithium (ib tug hlau nrog cov formula Li) thiabxaus nrog livermorium (Lv). Lub rooj txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv nrog cov khoom tshiab, thiab feem ntau yog cov hlau.
