Dab tsi yog kev sau ntawv - cov ntaub ntawv tsim tsis tsuas yog los ua kom txaus siab rau kev nqhis dej rau kev paub ntawm tus nyeem ntawv xav paub, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov ntawv thov siv rau cov tib neeg uas nws cov dej num cuam tshuam txog qhov xav tau kev nkag siab thiab ua cov ntawv sau ntau ntawm qhov ncauj.
keeb kwm yav dhau los rau kev sau ntawv
Cov tsiaj ntawv, tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Byzantine huab tais los ntawm cov kwv tij Cyril thiab Methodius, yuav tsum tau siv los txhais cov phau ntawv Greek theological rau Slavic. Tab sis qhov pom tseeb thiab yooj yim ntawm kev siv Cyrillic kos npe system tau ua rau muaj kev nthuav dav sai thiab nthuav dav ntawm kev sau ntawv Slavic thiab nws siv tsis yog hauv kev ntseeg, tab sis kuj ntawm tsev neeg thiab qib lag luam.
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th, cov tsiaj ntawv Slavic pib siv nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub xeev qub Lavxias ua lus hauv pawg ntseeg. Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic lus tau maj mam hloov kho nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm East Slavic kev hais lus, uas tau qhia cov ntsiab lus tshiab rau hauv.
Cov ntawv sau uas tau nqis los rau peb tau tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb los taug qab qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov cim kos npeCyrillic. Cov theem ntawm kev hloov kho cov ntawv qub Lavxias teb sab suav nrog cov ntawv charter (cov ntawv sau qub tshaj plaws hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 11th), ib nrab charter, uas tau siv txij li xyoo pua 14th thiab tau los ua cov ntawv sau rau thawj phau ntawv luam tawm hauv tebchaws Russia, thiab kev sau ntawv, uas tshwm sim yuav luag ib txhij nrog lub semi charter.
theem hauv kev txhim kho ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus
Cov lus Lavxias qub tau tshwm sim raws li qhov tsim nyog ntawm tsab ntawv ua lag luam, tab sis sai sai tau siv dav dua. Kev sau ntawv dab tsi tau paub rau cov pej xeem, thiab nws tau siv rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub neej.
Lub sijhawm 16-17th centuries, kev sau ntawv tsis zoo los ua ib qho kev ywj pheej thiab paub tab ntawm kev sau ntawv, qee cov ntsiab lus uas tsis tau hloov pauv hauv peb lub sijhawm.
Cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ntawv
Cursive muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb. Lub ntsiab sib txawv ntawm lwm hom kev sau ntawv Lavxias teb sab thaum ub yog qhov yuav luag tiav ntawm cov cim geometric, qhov yooj yim ntawm kev sau ntawv classical, qhov yooj yim thiab nrawm ntawm daim duab. Cov duab ntawm cov paib yog puag ncig, kev sau cov peev thiab cov tsiaj ntawv me yog qhov sib txawv, cov style yog rov qab nrog strokes, loops, txuas ntxiv mus dhau ntawm kab, muaj ib feem ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv.
Kev xav kom ceev cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv maj mam ua rau muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua thiab yooj yim ntawm kev sau ntawv, pom ntau yam ntawm lawv cov duab (sau ntawv), thiab txuas ntxiv ntawm kev sau kab.
Civillus
Los ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, qhov tsim ntawm kev sau ntawv, hu ua Old Russian los ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm, xaus. Tom ntej no theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cursive sau nyob rau hauv Russia pib, uas tom qab tau txais lub npe pej xeem. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev yooj yim thiab kev faib ua feem ntawm cov style, kev tshem tawm ntawm qee cov ntsiab lus, nyeem tau ntau dua.
Thaum lub sijhawm hloov kho los ntawm Peter I thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, 10 tsab ntawv ploj ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab 4 tus tshiab tshwm sim (E, Yo, Y, Ya), cov ntawv sau tau raug tshem tawm. Muaj kev sib cais ntawm cov lus thiab kab lus, ib qho kev qhia txog cov tsiaj ntawv loj tau tsim.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sau ntawv yooj yim dua, yooj yim dua thiab nkag siab tau pab txhawb kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias, kev nthuav dav ntawm kev nyeem ntawv thiab kev kawm. Cov font uas siv rau hauv pej xeem cursive yog siv rau kev luam ntawv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub secular xwm, scientific cov ntaub ntawv, tsoom fwv cov ntaub ntawv, thov.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Latin kev sau ntawv cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm kev sau ntawv pej xeem. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov lus hais raug tsim, cov font uas siv yuav luag tsis hloov hauv peb lub sijhawm.
hnub no yog dab tsi
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev sau nrawm raws li kev siv cov tshuab sau luv luv ntawm cov lus - cov ntawv sau, cov ntawv luv, cov ntawv luv. Shorthand, cursive sau, semantography, note-note yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau nrawm uas txawv ntawm txoj kev cov ntaub ntawv raug kaw hauv kev sau ntawv, siv qee lub cim kos npe, thiab lub hom phiaj.
Shorthand translation
Hais txog kev txhais lus, lo lus nug ntawm qhov kev sau ntawv yog dab tsi yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ua raws li kev txhais lus tsim nyog, feem ntau hais lus.
Tsis zoo li luv luv, uas yog qhov tseeb cov ntaub ntawv hais lus, lossis kev sau ntawv, raws li kev sau luv luv ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, kev txhais lus cursive yog, qhov tseeb, cov cuab yeej pabcuam nco uas ua tau zoo los khaws cov ntawv tsis tseem ceeb thauj khoom. Nws tso cai kom txo cov ntaub ntawv poob thaum txhais cov lus ntawm qhov ncauj loj. Cov lus hais uas siv hauv kev txhais lus tsis yog kev kho kom yooj yim ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, tab sis yog nrog los ntawm kev nkag siab zoo rau qhov tseem ceeb thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus.
Basic of method
Cov ntsiab cai yooj yim thiab cov txheej txheem uas cov lus txhais lus thoob ntiaj teb ua raws suav nrog kev xaiv cov lus nrog qhov loj tshaj semantic load, ib qho kev sau ntawv, kev cais cov vowels nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov lus, nrog rau ob tug consonants, lub siv cov cim es tsis txhob sau ntawv los sau semantic txhawb.
Txoj kev yooj yim thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev siv cov cim yog nyob rau hauv kev ceev ntawm kev sau ntawv, pom kev, muaj peev xwm tsom mus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv nyeem nyob rau theem ntawm kev nkag siab. Txhua tus neeg txhais lus txiav txim siab xaiv cov cim rau nws tus kheej, feem ntau siv nws tus kheej cov cim tsis yog lus.
Hnub no, kev siv lub kaw lus ceev ceev tau maj mam poob nws qhov cuam tshuam vim kev txhim khotshuab. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov kws tshaj lij koom nrog hauv cov haujlwm txhais lus, paub qhov lus hais yog qhov kev lees paub ntawm lawv cov kev tshaj lij.
