Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm combustion, ib tug nplaim yog tsim, tus qauv ntawm uas yog vim lub reacting tshuaj. Nws cov qauv muab faib ua cov cheeb tsam nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas kub.
Definition
Cov nplaim hluav taws hu ua cov roj kub kub, uas cov khoom siv hauv cov ntshav los yog cov khoom muaj nyob hauv cov khoom tawg. Lawv nqa tawm kev hloov pauv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, nrog rau luminescence, tso tawm ntawm thermal zog thiab cua sov.
Lub xub ntiag ntawm ionic thiab radical hais nyob rau hauv nruab nrab gaseous characterizes nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab tshwj xeeb cwj pwm nyob rau hauv ib tug electromagnetic teb.
Dab tsi yog nplaim taws
Feem ntau qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog kev sib xyaw. Piv nrog rau huab cua, cov pa roj tsawg dua, tab sis qhov kub thiab txias ua rau cov roj nce ntxiv. Qhov no yog li cas nplaim taws tsim, uas yog ntev thiab luv. Feem ntau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm ib daim ntawv mus rau lwm qhov.
Nplaim: qauv thiab qauv
Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tau piav qhia, nws txaus los teeb lub roj hluav taws xob. Qhov tshwm sim uas tsis yog-luminous nplaim tsis tuaj yeem hu ua homogeneous. Visually, muaj pebthaj chaw loj. Los ntawm txoj kev, txoj kev kawm ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov nplaim taws qhia tau hais tias cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov hluav taws kub hnyiab tau tsim los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm lub teeb.
Thaum sib xyaw roj thiab cua kub hnyiab, lub teeb luv luv yog thawj zaug, cov xim uas muaj xiav thiab ntshav hues. Lub hauv paus yog pom nyob rau hauv nws - ntsuab-xiav, zoo li lub khob hliav qab. Xav txog qhov nplaim taws no. Nws cov qauv muab faib ua peb thaj chaw:
- Cais thaj chaw npaj uas qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov pa thiab cua yog cua sov thaum nws tawm ntawm lub qhov cub.
- Nws yog ua raws li thaj chaw uas muaj kev kub ntxhov tshwm sim. Nws nyob saum lub khob.
- Thaum tsis muaj cua ntws, cov pa roj tsis hlawv tag. Divalent carbon oxide thiab hydrogen residues raug tso tawm. Lawv qhov kub hnyiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb cheeb tsam, qhov twg muaj oxygen nkag.
Tam sim no cia peb xav txog cov txheej txheem sib txawv sib txawv.
Tseeb hlawv
Hlav taws tswm ciab zoo li hlawv ib qho kev sib tw lossis sib dua. Thiab cov qauv ntawm lub teeb taws tswm ciab zoo ib yam li cov roj kub kub, uas yog rub tawm vim muaj zog buoyant. Cov txheej txheem pib nrog cua sov ntawm cov wick, ua raws li cov evaporation ntawm paraffin.
Thaj chaw qis tshaj sab hauv thiab nyob ib sab ntawm cov xov yog hu ua thawj cheeb tsam. Nws muaj lub teeb xiav me ntsis vim muaj roj ntau, tab sis qhov ntim me me ntawm cov pa sib xyaw. Ntawm no, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov tshuaj yog ua nrog kev tso tawm ntawm carbon monoxide, uas yog ntxiv oxidized.
Thawj zonepuag ncig los ntawm lub plhaub thib ob luminous, uas qhia txog cov qauv ntawm cov tswm ciab nplaim taws. Lub ntim loj ntawm oxygen nkag mus rau nws, uas ua rau txuas ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidative nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov roj molecules. Qhov ntsuas kub ntawm no yuav siab dua nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj, tab sis tsis txaus rau qhov kawg decomposition. Nws yog nyob rau hauv thawj ob qhov chaw uas muaj luminous nyhuv tshwm sim thaum cov tee ntawm unburned roj thiab thee particles yog heev rhuab.
Thaj chaw thib ob yog ib puag ncig los ntawm lub plhaub hloov maj mam nrog qhov kub thiab txias. Ntau cov pa oxygen molecules nkag mus rau hauv nws, uas ua rau kom ua tiav cov khoom siv roj. Tom qab cov tshuaj oxidized, cov nyhuv luminous tsis pom nyob rau hauv peb cheeb tsam.
Schematic
Rau kom meej, peb nthuav qhia rau koj kom pom cov duab ntawm lub tswm ciab hlawv. Cov qauv nplaim muaj xws li:
- Thawj lossis thaj chaw tsaus.
- Second luminous zone.
- Peb pob tshab plhaub.
Txoj xov ntawm tswm ciab tsis hlawv, tab sis tsuas yog lub charring ntawm qhov khoov kawg nkaus xwb.
Tswv cua kub
Lub tank me me ntawm cawv feem ntau yog siv rau kev sim tshuaj. Lawv hu ua cawv teeb. Lub burner wick yog impregnated nrog kua roj poured los ntawm lub qhov. Qhov no yog yooj yim los ntawm capillary siab. Thaum ncav cuag qhov dawb ntawm lub wick, cawv pib evaporate. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev vapor, nws yog teem rau hluav taws thiab hlawv ntawm qhov kub tsis tshaj 900 ° C.
Cov nplaim hluav taws ntawm tus ntsuj plig muaj qhov zoo ib yam, nws yuav luag tsis muaj xim, nrog me ntsis zasxiav. Nws thaj chaw tsis pom meej zoo li cov tswm ciab.
Nyob ntawm lub qhov cub cawv, muaj npe tom qab tus kws tshawb fawb Bartel, qhov pib ntawm qhov hluav taws kub yog nyob rau saum daim phiaj incandescent ntawm lub qhov cub. Qhov kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws no ua rau txo qis hauv lub puab tsaig tsaus nti, thiab cov ntu nruab nrab tawm ntawm lub qhov, uas suav tias yog qhov kub tshaj plaws.
Xim yam ntxwv
Kev tawm ntawm cov nplaim taws sib txawv, tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov hluav taws xob. Lawv kuj hu ua thermal. Yog li, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm hydrocarbon tivthaiv hauv huab cua, cov nplaim xiav yog vim qhov tso tawm ntawm H-C compound. Thiab thaum C-C hais tawm, lub teeb hloov xim txiv kab ntxwv-liab.
Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau pom cov qauv ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws, cov chemistry uas suav nrog cov sib xyaw ntawm cov dej, carbon dioxide thiab carbon monoxide, OH daim ntawv cog lus. Nws cov nplaig muaj xim tsis muaj xim, vim hais tias saum toj no emit ultraviolet thiab infrared tawg thaum hlawv.
Cov xim ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws sib cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsuas kub, nrog rau cov khoom siv ionic hauv nws, uas yog ib qho emission lossis optical spectrum. Yog li, qhov hlawv ntawm qee cov ntsiab lus ua rau muaj kev hloov xim ntawm cov hluav taws kub hauv qhov cub. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xim ntawm lub teeb yog txuam nrog kev npaj ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv ntau pawg ntawm lub sij hawm.
Hluav taws rau qhov muaj hluav taws xob cuam tshuam nrog qhov pom spectrum, kawm cov spectroscope. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau pom tias cov khoom siv yooj yim los ntawm cov pab pawg loj kuj muaj cov xim zoo sib xws ntawm cov nplaim taws. Txhawm rau kom pom tseeb, sodium combustion yog siv los ntsuas qhov nohlau. Thaum coj mus rau hauv lub nplaim taws, tus nplaig tig daj daj. Raws li cov yam ntxwv xim, cov kab sodium yog cais nyob rau hauv emission spectrum.
Alkali hlau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm kev ua kom nrawm ntawm lub teeb hluav taws xob ntawm atomic hais. Thaum cov ntsiab lus qis-volatile ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau nkag mus rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub ntawm Bunsen burner, nws yog xim.
Spectroscopic ntsuam xyuas qhia cov yam ntxwv kab hauv cheeb tsam pom rau tib neeg lub qhov muag. Qhov ceev ntawm excitation ntawm lub teeb hluav taws xob thiab cov qauv yooj yim spectral yog ze ze rau qhov siab electropositive yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau no.
yam ntxwv
Kev faib hluav taws xob raws li cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:
- aggregate lub xeev ntawm cov hluav taws kub. Lawv tuaj nyob rau hauv gaseous, aerodispersed, khoom thiab ua kua;
- hom hluav taws xob uas tuaj yeem tsis muaj xim, luminous thiab xim;
- faib nrawm. Muaj kev sib kis sai thiab qeeb;
- nplaim qhov siab. Cov qauv tuaj yeem luv lossis ntev;
- tus cwj pwm ntawm kev txav ntawm cov tshuaj sib tov. Faib pulsating, laminar, turbulent txav;
- pom kev pom. Cov khoom kub hnyiab nrog cov nplaim taws, xim lossis pob tshab;
- ntsuas kub. Cov nplaim hluav taws tuaj yeem yog qhov kub thiab txias, txias thiab kub.
- xeev ntawm cov roj theem - oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev.
Ignition tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib kis lossis kev sib xyaw ua ntej ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag.
Oxidation thiab txo cheeb tsam
Cov txheej txheem oxidation tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw tsis pom tseeb. Nws yog tus kub tshaj plaws thiab nyob rau saum. Nyob rau hauv nws, cov roj hais undergo tiav combustion. Thiab muaj cov pa oxygen ntau dhau thiab cov roj tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau cov txheej txheem oxidation hnyav. Cov yam ntxwv no yuav tsum tau siv thaum cov khoom cua sov tshaj lub burner. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom yog immersed nyob rau hauv lub Upper ib feem ntawm cov nplaim taws. Xws li combustion pib sai dua.
Kev txo qis tshwm sim tshwm sim hauv nruab nrab thiab qis qis ntawm cov nplaim taws. Nws muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob loj thiab me me ntawm O 2molecules uas ua rau combustion. Thaum muaj cov pa oxygen nkag mus rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, cov khoom O yog cleaved.
Cov txheej txheem ferrous sulfate splitting yog siv los ua piv txwv ntawm kev txo cov nplaim taws. Thaum FeSO4 nkag mus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov nplaim taws, nws thawj zaug ua kom sov thiab tom qab ntawd decomposes rau hauv ferric oxide, anhydride thiab sulfur dioxide. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, qhov txo qis ntawm S nrog tus nqi ntawm +6 txog +4 yog pom.
Vuam nplaim
Hom hluav taws no yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov pa roj lossis kua vapor nrog oxygen hauv huab cua huv.
Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov tsim ntawm oxy-acetylene nplaim taws. Nws tseem ceeb:
- core zone;
- thaj chaw nruab nrab rov qab;
- flare kawg zone.
Nyob kub hnyiab heevgas-oxygen sib tov. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm acetylene thiab oxidizer ua rau muaj ntau hom nplaim taws. Nws tuaj yeem yog qhov qub, carburizing (acetylenic) thiab oxidizing qauv.
Txoj kev xav, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tsis tiav ntawm acetylene hauv cov pa ntshiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov sib npaug hauv qab no: HCCH + O 2 → H 2+ CO + CO (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xav tau ib lub mole ntawm O2).
Qhov tshwm sim molecular hydrogen thiab carbon monoxide react nrog pa oxygen. Cov khoom kawg yog dej thiab tetravalent carbon monoxide. Qhov sib npaug zoo li no: CO + CO + H2 + 1½O2 → CO2 + CO 2 +H2O. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no xav tau 1.5 moles ntawm oxygen. Thaum suav nrog O2, nws hloov tawm tias 2.5 mol yog siv rau 1 mol ntawm HCCH. Thiab txij li thaum nyob rau hauv kev xyaum nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nrhiav tau zoo kawg nkaus cov pa oxygen (feem ntau nws muaj ib tug me ntsis contamination nrog impurities), qhov ratio ntawm O2 rau HCCH yuav yog 1.10 rau 1.20.
Thaum qhov piv ntawm cov pa oxygen rau acetylene tsawg dua 1.10, cov nplaim hluav taws yuav tshwm sim. Nws cov qauv muaj lub hauv paus loj, nws cov qauv ua qhov muag plooj. Soot yog tawm los ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, vim tsis muaj oxygen molecules.
Yog tias qhov piv ntawm cov pa roj ntau dua 1, 20, ces cov nplaim hluav taws xob oxidizing nrog cov pa ntau dhau. Nws cov molecules ntau dhau ua rau cov hlau atoms thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm cov hlau hlawv. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug nplaim taws, lub nuclear feem ua luv luv thiab taw tes.
ntsuas ntsuas kub
Txhua qhov tswm ciab lossis qhov chaw hluav taws kub muajlawv cov txiaj ntsig vim yog kev muab cov pa oxygen molecules. Qhov kub ntawm qhov qhib nplaim taws hauv nws qhov chaw sib txawv ntawm 300 ° C txog 1600 ° C.
Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov tawg thiab laminar nplaim, uas yog tsim los ntawm peb lub plhaub. Nws lub khob hliav qab muaj qhov tsaus ntuj nrog qhov kub txog li 360 ° C thiab tsis muaj oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev. Saum toj no yog ib thaj tsam glow. Nws qhov ntsuas kub yog li ntawm 550 txog 850 ° C, uas ua rau kom tawg ntawm cov thermal combustible sib tov thiab nws combustion.
thaj chaw sab nrauv tsis tshua pom. Nyob rau hauv nws, cov nplaim taws kub mus txog 1560 ° C, uas yog vim lub ntuj yam ntxwv ntawm cov roj molecules thiab ceev nkag ntawm tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing. Qhov no yog qhov kub hnyiab tshaj plaws.
Cov khoom ignite nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias. Yog li, hlau magnesium hlawv tsuas yog ntawm 2210 ° C. Rau ntau cov khib nyiab, cov nplaim hluav taws kub yog li 350 ° C. Cov khoom sib tw thiab kerosene tuaj yeem ignite ntawm 800 ° C, thaum ntoo tuaj yeem ignite ntawm 850 ° C txog 950 ° C.
Ib lub luam yeeb kub hnyiab nrog nplaim taws uas nws kub ntawm 690 txog 790 ° C, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tov ntawm propane-butane los ntawm 790 ° C mus rau 1960 ° C. Roj av ignites ntawm 1350 ° C. Cov nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tau kub tsis tshaj 900 ° C.
