Semi-reaction method: algorithm

2024 Tus sau: Angel Austin | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:28

Ntau cov txheej txheem chemical tshwm sim nrog kev hloov pauv hauv lub xeev oxidation ntawm cov atoms uas tsim cov tshuaj reacting. Kev sau ntawv sib npaug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hom redox feem ntau nrog kev nyuaj hauv kev teeb tsa cov coefficients nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm txhua tus qauv ntawm cov khoom. Rau cov hom phiaj no, cov tswv yim tau tsim muaj cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob lossis hluav taws xob-ion sib npaug ntawm cov nqi xa tawm. Kab lus piav qhia meej txog txoj hauv kev thib ob ntawm kev sau ntawv sib npaug.

Semi-react method, entity

Nws tseem hu ua qhov sib npaug ntawm electron-ion ntawm kev faib cov coefficient. Cov txheej txheem yog ua raws li kev sib pauv ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo ntawm cov anions lossis cations hauv cov xov xwm yaj nrog cov pH sib txawv.

Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm electrolytes ntawm oxidizing thiab txo hom, ions nrog ib tug tsis zoo los yog zoo nqi koom nrog. Molecular-ionic sib npaughom, raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm ib nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ua pov thawj tseeb qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txhua tus txheej txheem.

txhawm rau tsim qhov sib npaug, ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm electrolytes ntawm qhov sib txuas muaj zog yog siv los ua cov khoom ionic, thiab cov tshuaj tsis muaj zog, cov pa roj thiab nag lossis daus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm undissociated molecules. Raws li ib feem ntawm cov tswv yim, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia cov khoom uas cov qib ntawm lawv cov oxidation hloov. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov hnyav nruab nrab hauv qhov sib npaug, acidic (H⁺), alkaline (OH^-) thiab nruab nrab (H ₂ O) cov cai.

siv rau dab tsi?

Hauv OVR, txoj kev ua ib nrab yog tsom rau kev sau cov ionic sib npaug sib cais rau cov txheej txheem oxidative thiab txo qis. Qhov kawg tshuav nyiaj li cas yuav yog lawv cov ntsiab lus.

Txoj kev ua kauj ruam

Txoj kev ua ib nrab teb muaj nws tus kheej peculiarities ntawm kev sau ntawv. Cov algorithm suav nrog cov theem hauv qab no:

- Thawj kauj ruam yog sau cov qauv ntawm tag nrho cov reactants. Piv txwv li:

H₂S + KMnO₄ + HCl

- Tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum tsim kom muaj txoj haujlwm, los ntawm kev pom tshuaj lom neeg, ntawm txhua tus txheej txheem. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, KMnO₄ ua tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing, H₂S yog tus neeg ua kom txo qis, thiab HCl txhais cov kua qaub ib puag ncig.

- Cov kauj ruam thib peb yog sau los ntawm kab tshiab cov qauv ntawm ionic reacting compounds nrog lub zog electrolyte, cov atoms uas muaj kev hloov pauv hauv lawv lub xeev oxidation. Hauv kev sib cuam tshuam no, MnO₄^- ua tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing, H₂S yogtxo reagent, thiab H⁺ lossis oxonium cation H₃O⁺ txiav txim siab qhov chaw acid. Gaseous, khoom lossis tsis muaj zog electrolytic tebchaw yog qhia los ntawm tag nrho cov qauv molecular.

Paub txog cov khoom pib, sim txiav txim siab seb qhov twg oxidizing thiab txo cov reagents yuav txo qis thiab oxidized cov ntaub ntawv, feem. Qee zaum cov khoom kawg tau teeb tsa hauv cov xwm txheej, uas ua rau kev ua haujlwm yooj yim dua. Cov kab zauv hauv qab no qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm H₂S (hydrogen sulfide) rau S (sulfur), thiab anion MnO ₄ ^{-rau Mn cation}2+.

Txhawm rau sib npaug cov atomic hais nyob rau sab laug thiab sab xis, hydrogen cation H⁺ lossis dej molecular ntxiv rau cov kua qaub nruab nrab. Hydroxide ions OH^- lossis H₂O.

yog ntxiv rau cov tshuaj alkaline

MnO₄^-→Mn²⁺

Hauv kev daws, ib qho oxygen atom los ntawm manganate ions ua ke nrog H⁺ tsim cov dej molecules. Txhawm rau sib npaug ntawm cov ntsiab lus, qhov sib npaug yog sau raws li hauv qab no: 2^{O + Mn}2+.

Tom qab ntawd qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob tau ua tiav. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, xav txog tag nrho cov nqi them nyiaj hauv seem sab laug, nws hloov tawm +7, thiab tom qab ntawd sab xis, nws hloov tawm +2. Txhawm rau sib npaug ntawm cov txheej txheem, tsib qhov tsis zoo yog ntxiv rau cov khoom pib: 8H⁺ + MnO₄^- +5e ^- → 4H₂O + Mn²⁺. Qhov no ua rau txo qis ib nrab ntawm qhov tshwm sim.

Tam sim no cov txheej txheem oxidation ua raws kom sib npaug ntawm cov atoms. Rau qhov no, ntawm sab xisNtxiv hydrogen cations: H₂S → 2H⁺ + S.

Tom qab cov nqi sib npaug: H₂S -2e^- → 2H⁺ + S. Nws tuaj yeem pom tias ob qhov tsis zoo raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov pib sib txuas. Nws hloov tawm ib nrab ntawm cov txheej txheem oxidative.

Sau ob qhov sib npaug hauv ib kab thiab sib npaug ntawm cov nqi muab thiab tau txais. Raws li txoj cai los txiav txim qhov tsawg tshaj plaws qhov ntau, ib qho kev sib tw yog xaiv rau txhua qhov kev tawm tsam ib nrab. Qhov sib npaug oxidation thiab txo qhov sib npaug ntawm nws.

Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem ntxiv ob qhov sib npaug los ntawm kev ntxiv sab laug thiab sab xis ua ke thiab txo cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

8H⁺ + MnO₄^- + 5e^-→ 4H₂O + Mn²⁺ |2

H₂S -2e^- → 2H⁺ + S |5

16H⁺ + 2MnO₄^- + 5H₂ S → 8H₂O + 2Mn²⁺ + 10H⁺ + 5S

Nyob rau hauv qhov sib npaug, koj tuaj yeem txo tus lej H⁺ los ntawm 10: 6H⁺ + 2MnO₄ ^- + 5H₂S → 8H₂O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5S.

Kev kuaj xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm ion tshuav nyiaj li cas los ntawm kev suav cov pa oxygen atoms ua ntej thiab tom qab tus xub, uas yog sib npaug rau 8. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas cov nqi ntawm qhov kawg thiab thawj zaug ntawm qhov sib npaug: (+6) + (-2)=+4. Yog tias txhua yam sib xws, ces nws yog lawm.

Txoj kev ib nrab ntawm kev tawm tsam xaus nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov cim ionic mus rau qhov sib npaug molecular. Rau txhua anionic thiabcationic particle ntawm sab laug ntawm qhov sib npaug, ib qho ion opposite nyob rau hauv tus nqi raug xaiv. Tom qab ntawd lawv raug xa mus rau sab xis, hauv tib tus nqi. Tam sim no ions tuaj yeem ua ke rau hauv tag nrho cov molecules.

6H⁺ + 2MnO₄^- + 5H₂ S → 8H₂O + 2Mn²⁺ + 5S

6Cl^- + 2K⁺ → 6Cl^- + 2K ⁺

H₂S + KMnO₄ + 6HCl → 8H₂O + 2MnCl ₂ + 5S + 2KCl.

Nws tuaj yeem siv txoj hauv kev ntawm ib nrab kev tawm tsam, cov txheej txheem uas ua rau kub hnyiab los sau cov kab zauv molecular, nrog rau kev sau cov khoom hluav taws xob sib npaug.

Kev txiav txim siab ntawm oxidizing agents

Lub luag haujlwm no yog ionic, atomic lossis molecular hais tias lees txais cov hluav taws xob tsis zoo. Cov tshuaj uas oxidize raug txo qis hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lawv muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsis txaus uas tuaj yeem sau tau yooj yim. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog redox ib nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Tsis yog txhua yam khoom muaj peev xwm txais tau electrons. Cov oxidizing muaj zog muaj xws li:

• tus neeg sawv cev halogen;
• acid zoo li nitric, selenic thiab sulfuric;
• poov tshuaj permanganate, dichromate, manganate, chromate;
• manganese thiab lead tetravalent oxides;
• nyiaj thiab kub ionic;
• gaseous oxygen compounds;
• divalent tooj liab thiab monovalent silver oxides;
• chlorine-muaj ntsev Cheebtsam;
• Royal vodka;

Y

• hydrogen peroxide.

Kev txiav txim siab txo tus neeg sawv cev

Lub luag haujlwm no yog cov ionic, atomic lossis molecular hais tawm uas muab cov nqi tsis zoo. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidizing thaum electrons raug tshem tawm.

Restorative properties muaj:

• sawv cev ntawm ntau cov hlau;
• sulfur tetravalent compounds thiab hydrogen sulfide;
• halogenated acids;
• hlau, chromium thiab manganese sulfates;
• tin divalent chloride;
• nitrogen-muaj reagents xws li nitrous acid, divalent oxide, ammonia thiab hydrazine;
• natural carbon thiab nws divalent oxide;
• hydrogen molecules;
• phosphorous acid.

Qhov zoo ntawm txoj kev electron-ion

Kev sau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox, ib nrab-reaction method yog siv ntau dua li daim ntawv hluav taws xob sib npaug.

Qhov no yog vim qhov zoo ntawm txoj kev electron-ion:

1. Thaum sau ib qho kev sib npaug, xav txog cov ions tiag tiag thiab cov tebchaw uas muaj nyob hauv cov tshuaj.
2. Koj tsis tuaj yeem pib muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tshuaj uas tshwm sim, lawv raug txiav txim siab rau theem kawg.
3. Oxidation qib cov ntaub ntawv tsis yog ib txwm xav tau.
4. Ua tsaug rau txoj kev, koj tuaj yeem paub cov xov tooj ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas koom nrog ib nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov pH ntawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv li cas.
5. Singularitycov txheej txheem thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim.

Ib nrab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov kua qaub

Kev suav nrog ntau dhau ntawm hydrogen ions ua raws li lub ntsiab algorithm. Cov txheej txheem ntawm ib nrab-reactions nyob rau hauv ib tug acid nruab nrab pib nrog cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv ntawm cov constituent qhov chaw ntawm tej txheej txheem. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sib npaug ntawm daim ntawv ionic nrog qhov sib npaug ntawm atomic thiab hluav taws xob. Cov txheej txheem ntawm oxidizing thiab txo qhov xwm txheej raug kaw cais.

Txhawm rau sib npaug atomic oxygen nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog nws tshaj, hydrogen cations tau qhia. Tus nqi ntawm H⁺ yuav tsum txaus kom tau txais cov dej molecular. Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm tsis muaj oxygen, H₂O.

Cia li ua qhov sib npaug ntawm hydrogen atoms thiab electrons.

Lawv suav cov ntu ntawm qhov sib npaug ua ntej thiab tom qab xub xub nrog kev teeb tsa ntawm cov coefficients.

Txo cov ions zoo ib yam thiab cov molecules. Cov anionic thiab cationic particles uas ploj lawm yog ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv uas twb tau sau tseg hauv qhov sib npaug tag nrho. Lawv tus lej tom qab thiab ua ntej tus xub yuav tsum phim.

Qhov kev sib npaug OVR (ib nrab-kev sib piv) yog suav tias ua tiav thaum sau cov lus npaj ua tiav ntawm daim ntawv molecular. Txhua feem yuav tsum muaj qhov sib npaug.

Piv txwv rau ib puag ncig qaub

Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm sodium nitrite nrog chloric acid ua rau tsim cov sodium nitrate thiab hydrochloric acid. Txhawm rau npaj cov coefficients, siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib piv ib nrab, piv txwv ntawm kev sau ntawv sib npaugtxuam nrog qhia ib puag ncig acidic.

NaNO₂ + HClO₃ → NaNO₃ + HCl

ClO₃^- + 6H⁺ + 6e^- → 3H₂O + Cl^- |1

NO₂^- + H₂O – 2e^- →NO₃^- +2H⁺ |3

ClO₃^- + 6H⁺ + 3H₂ O + 3NO₂^- → 3H₂O + Cl ^- + 3NO₃^- +6H⁺

ClO₃^- + 3NO₂^{-→ Cl}- ^{+ 3NO}3_-

3Na⁺ + H⁺ 3Na⁺ + H ⁺

3NaNO₂ + HClO₃ → 3NaNO₃ + HCl.

Hauv cov txheej txheem no, sodium nitrate yog tsim los ntawm nitrite, thiab hydrochloric acid yog tsim los ntawm chloric acid. Lub xeev oxidation ntawm nitrogen hloov ntawm +3 txog +5, thiab tus nqi ntawm chlorine +5 ua -1. Ob yam khoom tsis ua los nag.

Semi-reactions rau alkaline nruab nrab

Kev suav nrog ntau dhau ntawm hydroxide ions sib haum rau kev suav rau cov kua qaub. Cov txheej txheem ntawm ib nrab-reactions nyob rau hauv ib tug alkaline nruab nrab kuj pib nrog cov kev qhia ntawm lub constituent qhov chaw ntawm tus txheej txheem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ionic equations. Qhov sib txawv tau pom thaum lub sij hawm sib dhos ntawm tus lej ntawm atomic oxygen. Yog li, cov dej molecular ntxiv rau sab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog nws ntau dhau, thiab hydroxide anions ntxiv rau sab nraud.

Cov coefficient nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm H₂O molecule qhia qhov txawv ntawm cov pa oxygen tom qab thiab ua ntej tus xub, thiab rau OH^{-ions nws yog ob npaug. Thaum lub sij hawm oxidationIb qho reagent uas ua raws li tus neeg sawv cev txo qis tshem tawm O atoms los ntawm hydroxyl anions.}

Txoj kev ntawm ib nrab-reactions xaus nrog cov kauj ruam ntxiv ntawm cov algorithm, uas coincide nrog cov txheej txheem uas muaj acidic ntau dhau. Qhov kawg tshwm sim yog qhov sib npaug molecular.

Alkaline piv txwv

Thaum iodine tov nrog sodium hydroxide, sodium iodide thiab iodate, dej molecules, tsim. Txhawm rau kom tau txais qhov sib npaug ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov txheej txheem ib nrab yog siv. Piv txwv rau cov kev daws teeb meem alkaline muaj lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam nrog kev sib npaug ntawm atomic oxygen.

NaOH + I₂ →NaI + NaIO₃ + H₂O

I + e^- → I^- |5

6OH^- + I - 5e^- → I^- + 3H 2_{O + IO}3- ^|1

I + 5I + 6OH^- → 3H₂O + 5I^- + IO

6Na⁺ → Na⁺ + 5Na⁺

6NaOH + 3I₂ →5NaI + NaIO₃ + 3H₂O.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog qhov ploj ntawm cov xim violet ntawm molecular iodine. Muaj kev hloov pauv hauv lub xeev oxidation ntawm cov khoom no los ntawm 0 mus rau -1 thiab +5 nrog kev tsim ntawm sodium iodide thiab iodate.

Reactions in a nruab nrab ib puag ncig

Feem ntau qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm hydrolysis ntawm ntsev nrog tsim ntawm ib tug me ntsis acidic (nrog ib tug pH ntawm 6 mus rau 7) los yog me ntsis alkaline (nrog pH ntawm 7 mus rau 8) tov..

Tus txheej txheem ib nrab ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab yog sau rau hauv ob pebxaiv.

Thawj txoj kev tsis suav nrog ntsev hydrolysis. Qhov nruab nrab yog coj li nruab nrab, thiab cov dej molecular yog muab rau sab laug ntawm xub. Nyob rau hauv no version, ib nrab-reactions yog npaum li acidic, thiab lwm yam raws li alkaline.

Txoj kev thib ob yog tsim rau cov txheej txheem uas koj tuaj yeem teeb tsa tus nqi kwv yees ntawm tus nqi pH. Tom qab ntawd cov kev cuam tshuam rau txoj kev ion-electron raug txiav txim siab hauv cov tshuaj alkaline lossis acidic.

Neutral ib puag ncig piv txwv

Thaum hydrogen sulfide ua ke nrog sodium dichromate hauv dej, tau txais cov hmoov av sulfur, sodium thiab trivalent chromium hydroxides. Nov yog ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv rau kev daws teeb meem nruab nrab.

Na₂Cr₂O₇ + H₂ S +H2O → NaOH + S + Cr(OH)₃

H₂S - 2e^- → S + H⁺ |3

7H₂O + Cr₂O₇^2- + 6e^- → 8OH^- + 2Cr(OH)₃ |1

7H₂O +3H₂S + Cr₂O ₇^2- → 3H⁺ +3S + 2Cr(OH)₃ +8OH^-. Hydrogen cations thiab hydroxide anions ua ke ua 6 dej molecules. Lawv tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm ntawm sab xis thiab sab laug, tawm qhov dhau ntawm xub xub.

H₂O +3H₂S + Cr₂O ₇^2- → 3S + 2Cr(OH)₃ +2OH^-

2Na⁺ → 2Na⁺

Na₂Cr₂O₇ + 3H₂ S +H₂O → 2NaOH + 3S + 2Cr(OH)₃

Thaum kawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nag lossis daus ntawm xiav chromium hydroxide thiab dajsulfur nyob rau hauv alkaline tov nrog sodium hydroxide. Lub xeev oxidation ntawm lub caij S nrog -2 ua 0, thiab chromium nqi nrog +6 ua +3.