Piv txwv ntawm ecosystems. Dab tsi yog qhov chaw ntawm ecosystem?

Cov txheej txheem:

Piv txwv ntawm ecosystems. Dab tsi yog qhov chaw ntawm ecosystem?
Piv txwv ntawm ecosystems. Dab tsi yog qhov chaw ntawm ecosystem?
Anonim

Cov teeb meem ib puag ncig tam sim no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Kev saib xyuas ntau yog them rau yuav ua li cas tib neeg siv lub pas dej ecosystems thiab hav zoov. Tom qab kev tshawb fawb zoo yog cov ntsiab lus uas tsis yog ib tug tub kawm nkaus xwb, tab sis txhua tus neeg saib xyuas tus kheej yuav tsum paub niaj hnub no. Peb feem ntau hnov "ecosystem pollution", qhov no txhais li cas? Dab tsi yog qhov chaw ntawm ecosystem? Lub hauv paus ntawm kev qhuab qhia twb muab nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv theem pib. Ua piv txwv, peb tuaj yeem hais txog lub ntsiab lus "Forest Ecosystem" (Qib 3).

Vim li cas ecology li kev tshawb fawb tshwm sim?

Qhov no yog ib qho kev qhuab qhia ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas lom neeg, uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm noob neej. Kev siv cov peev txheej ntuj tau ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tib neeg thiab lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig. Lub sij hawm "ecology", hais los ntawm E. Haeckel nyob rau hauv 1866, txhais los ntawm Greek li "kev tshawb fawb ntawm tsev, chaw nyob, vaj tse." Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov no yog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob nyob nrog lawv ib puag ncig.

Ib feem ntawm ecosystem
Ib feem ntawm ecosystem

Ecology, zoo li lwm yam kev tshawb fawb, tsis tshwm simncaj nraim. Nws yuav luag 70 xyoo rau lub tswvyim ntawm "ecosystem" tshwm sim.

theem hauv kev txhim kho kev tshawb fawb thiab thawj nqe lus

Nyob rau xyoo 19th, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau cov kev paub, tau koom nrog kev piav qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem ecological, generalization thiab systematization ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm. Thawj cov ntsiab lus ntawm naki pib tshwm. Piv txwv li, K. Mobius tau tawm tswv yim txog "biocenosis". Nws yog hais txog tag nrho cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob uas muaj nyob hauv tib yam.

Nyob rau theem tom ntej hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb, cov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb yog qhov txawv - lub ecosystem (A. J. Tensley hauv 1935 thiab R. Linderman hauv 1942). Cov kws tshawb fawb tau kawm txog lub zog thiab trophic (kev noj haus) cov txheej txheem metabolic nyob rau theem ntawm kev ua neej nyob thiab tsis muaj sia nyob ntawm ecosystem.

Nyob rau theem peb, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam ecosystems tau txheeb xyuas. Tom qab ntawd lawv tag nrho tau muab tso ua ke ua ib yam li biosphere.

Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, kev tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tus txiv neej nrog ib puag ncig, nrog rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tshuaj anthropogenic.

Dab tsi yog ecosystem?

Qhov no yog ib qho nyuaj ntawm cov tsiaj nyob nrog lawv qhov chaw nyob, uas ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke hauv ib leeg. Yuav tsum muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov ecological Cheebtsam no. Muaj kev sib txuas ntawm cov kab mob nyob thiab lawv ib puag ncig ntawm cov khoom, lub zog thiab cov ntaub ntawv.

Lub sijhawm tau tshaj tawm thawj zaug hauv 1935 los ntawm British botanist A. Tansley. Nws kuj tau txiav txim siab seb qhov chaw hauv ecosystem muaj li cas. Lavxias teb sab biologist V. N. Sukachev qhia txog lub tswvyim ntawm "biogeocenosis" (1944d.), uas yog tsawg voluminous nyob rau hauv relation mus ecosystem. Kev hloov pauv ntawm biogeocenoses tuaj yeem yog hav zoov spruce, swamp. Piv txwv ntawm ecosystems yog dej hiav txwv, tus dej Volga.

Piv txwv ntawm Ecosystems
Piv txwv ntawm Ecosystems

Txhua yam kab mob muaj sia tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm biotic, abiotic thiab anthropogenic ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li:

  • frog noj yoov tshaj cum (bioci factor);
  • txiv neej ntub dej nag (abiotic yam);
  • neeg txiav hav zoov (anthropogenic factor).

Cov ntsiab lus

Dab tsi yog qhov ecosystem muaj? Muaj ob lub ntsiab los yog qhov chaw ntawm lub ecosystem - biotope thiab biocenosis. Biotope yog ib qho chaw lossis thaj chaw uas cov zej zog nyob (biocenosis) nyob.

Dab tsi yog qhov chaw ntawm ecosystem?
Dab tsi yog qhov chaw ntawm ecosystem?

Lub tswv yim ntawm biotope suav nrog tsis tsuas yog thaj chaw nws tus kheej (piv txwv li, av lossis dej), tab sis kuj muaj cov kab mob abiotic (tsis muaj sia nyob). Cov no suav nrog kev nyab xeeb, kub, av noo, thiab lwm yam.

qauv

Txhua qhov kev tswj hwm ecological muaj cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj qee yam ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia uas tuaj yeem yooj yim nyob hauv qhov chaw tshwj xeeb no. Piv txwv li, cov kab stag nyob hauv toj siab.

Txhua hom kab mob muaj sia nyob tau muab faib rau hauv cov txheej txheem ecosystem: kab rov tav lossis ntsug. Cov qauv ntsug yog sawv cev los ntawm cov kab mob nroj tsuag, uas, nyob ntawm seb lub hnub ci zog npaum li cas lawv xav tau, kab hauv qib lossis hauv pem teb.

Forest Ecosystem Qib 3
Forest Ecosystem Qib 3

Feem ntau, hauv kev xeem, cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau txais txoj haujlwm faib cov plag tsev hauv hav zoov ecosystem (Qib 3). Hauv pem teb hauv qab yog ib lub khib nyiab (hauv qab daus), uas yog tsim los ntawm cov nplooj poob, koob, cov kab mob tuag, thiab lwm yam. Cov theem tom ntej (nto) yog nyob ntawm mosses, lichens, nceb. Ib me ntsis siab dua - nyom, los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv tej hav zoov no pem teb tej zaum yuav tsis yog. Tom ntej no los ib txheej ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas tua ntawm cov ntoo, ua raws li cov ntoo me, thiab hauv pem teb saum toj kawg nkaus yog nyob ntawm cov ntoo loj, siab.

Ib kab rov tav qauv yog mosaic txheej txheem ntawm ntau hom kab mob los yog microgroups nyob ntawm lawv cov khoom noj khoom haus.

yam tseem ceeb

Cov kab mob nyob uas nyob ib puag ncig ib puag ncig pub rau ib leeg txhawm rau khaws lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas cov zaub mov los yog trophic chains ntawm ib tug ecosystem yog tsim, uas muaj xws li txuas.

Cov neeg tsim khoom lossis autotrophs koom rau thawj qhov txuas. Cov no yog cov kab mob uas tsim (tsim), synthesize organic tshuaj los ntawm inorganic sawv daws yuav. Piv txwv li, ib tsob nroj siv cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab tso tawm oxygen thiab piam thaj, ib qho organic compound, thaum lub sij hawm photosynthesis.

Kev sib txuas nruab nrab - decomposers (saprotrophs lossis destructors-destroyers). Cov no suav nrog cov kab mob uas muaj peev xwm decomposing qhov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsis muaj sia lossis tsiaj. Yog li ntawd, cov organic teeb meem yog hloov mus rau hauv inorganic teeb meem. Decomposers yog microscopic fungi, kab mob.

Qhov thib peb txuas yog ib pawg ntawm cov neeg siv khoom (cov neeg siv khoom lossis heterotrophs), uas suav nrogTib neeg. Cov tsiaj nyob no tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov organic tebchaw los ntawm cov tsis muaj organic, yog li lawv tau npaj ua los ntawm ib puag ncig. Cov neeg tau txais kev txiav txim thawj zaug suav nrog cov kab mob herbivorous (nyuj, hare, thiab lwm yam), thiab cov kev txiav txim tom qab muaj xws li cov tsiaj nyeg tsiaj txhu (tus tsov, lynx, tsov ntxhuav), omnivorous tsiaj (dais, txiv neej).

Nyob ntawm ecosystems

Txhua qhov kev kaw lus ecological tau qhib. Nws tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cais, nws cov ciam teb yog qhov muag plooj. Nyob ntawm qhov loj me, me me lossis microecological systems (tib neeg lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav), nruab nrab lossis mesoecological systems (forest edge, bay) thiab macroecological systems (dej hiav txwv, Africa) txawv.

Ecosystems ntawm lub ntiaj teb no
Ecosystems ntawm lub ntiaj teb no

Nyob ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm keeb kwm, muaj spontaneously tsim los yog tej yam ntuj tso ecosystems thiab dag los yog neeg tsim. Piv txwv ntawm ecosystems ntawm ntuj tsim: hiav txwv, kwj; artificial - pas dej.

Raws li lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv qhov chaw, dej (dej, dej hiav txwv) thiab av (tundra, taiga, hav zoov-steppe) ecological systems yog txawv. Thawj, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib ua marine thiab dej tshiab. Cov dej qab zib tuaj yeem yog lotic (kwj lossis dej), lentic (reservoir, pas dej, pas dej) thiab wetland (swamp).

Piv txwv ntawm ecosystems thiab lawv cov tib neeg siv

Tus txiv neej tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov ecosystem. Kev siv xwm txheej los ntawm tib neeg muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab ke ecological ntawm theem ntawm thaj av, lub tebchaws lossis ntiaj chaw.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm overgrazing,irrational xwm tswj thiab deforestation, ob meso-ecosystems (teb, hav zoov) puas lawm ib zaug, thiab anthropogenic suab puam yog tsim nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw. Hmoov tsis zoo, muaj ntau yam piv txwv ntawm ecosystems.

Lake ecosystems li cas tib neeg siv
Lake ecosystems li cas tib neeg siv

Txoj kev uas tib neeg siv lub pas dej ecosystem yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm thermal pollution, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm qhov tso tawm ntawm rhuab dej rau hauv lub pas dej, nws yuav swamped. Cov tsiaj muaj sia (ntses, qav, thiab lwm yam) tab tom tuag, xiav-ntsuab algae yog nquag sib xyaw. Lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej tshiab yog concentrated hauv cov pas dej. Yog li ntawd, kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov dej no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis yog hauv cheeb tsam nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog lub ntiaj teb ecosystem ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

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