Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb (lus Askiv thiab psycholinguists), txog ib txhiab lo lus txaus rau tus neeg nruab nrab "nrog lub taub hau" hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv nyob sab Europe yog li ntawm kaum mus rau nees nkaum txhiab. Peb tab tom tham txog kev siv nquag, thaum peb tuaj yeem paub thiab nkag siab txog ob mus rau ob thiab ib nrab zaus ntxiv cov lus.
Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum tus neeg nkag mus rau hauv ib qho tshwj xeeb, ceg ntawm kev paub, cov ncauj lus - thiab tsawg kawg yog knitting lossis sawing - nws kuj xav tau kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau thaj chaw no. Thiab yog tias peb niaj hnub soj ntsuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv, peb tsuas yog xav tau ntau hom phau ntawv txhais lus. Cov kws txhais lus thiab cov neeg txhais lus muaj tus cwj pwm ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv siv xws li - tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog lawv qhov tshwj xeeb. Cov hom nrov tshaj plaws ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm lawv feem ntau yog ob hom lus thiab ntau hom lus - muab kev txhais lus ntawm ib lo lus rau hauv ib lossis ntau hom lus. Muaj ob hom lus thiab thesauri,thiab
phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm qee pawg tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, cov lus txawv teb chaws, etymological (piav lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lexeme), piav qhia. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau sau tag nrho cov hom lus Lavxias teb sab lus. Yog tias koj xav paub seb ib lo lus lossis lub tswv yim txhais li cas, koj yuav tsum siv cov lus piav qhia (piv txwv li, kho los ntawm Ozhegov lossis Dahl) lossis phau ntawv txhais lus encyclopedic.
Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua lo lus tuaj yeem suav nrog hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm: piv txwv li, lawv yuav tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, xws li dictionaries yog xav tau, nyob rau hauv uas tshwj xeeb (kev kho mob, technical, lej) cov ntsiab lus raug sau. Thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus - zoo, tsawg kawg "muab nws rau tom qab burner" los yog "noj tus dev" - peb yuav xyuas nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm phraseological units. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog feem ntau xws li cov ntaub ntawv siv yog xav tau los ntawm cov neeg txhais lus ntawm cov ntawv tseeb thiab cov neeg uas tsuas kawm ib hom lus txawv teb chaws. Tom qab tag nrho, yog hais tias nyob rau hauv nws haiv neeg phraseological unit nws yog tseeb los ntawm lub ntsiab lus teb, ces nws yuav tsis muaj peev xwm los txhais nws lus ua lus Askiv los yog German, tuav lub ntsiab lus.
Tseem muaj cov npe hu ua "rov qab" hom phau ntawv txhais lus - yog tias feem ntau cov lus raug teeb tsa hauv cov ntawv sau los ntawm thawj, thib ob thiab cov ntawv tom qab, piv txwv li, phau ntawv txhais lus sib dhos sawv cev rau qhov xaus ntawm cov lus thiab txheeb mus. in the opposite direction.
Yog hais tias peb hais cov phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab, hom uas muaj ntau haiv neeg, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog ob qhov ntau zaus thiab cov lus txhais lus.
Nyob hauv xws liNyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv siv, cov lus tau muab faib ua ntau zaus ntawm kev siv lossis los ntawm pawg thematic: los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm (cov lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov ntsiab lus no) mus rau qhov chaw.
Tseem muaj cov hom ntawv txhais lus xws li kev sau ntawv - lawv tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas qhov kev sau ntawm ib lo lus, orthoepic - nrog rau cov suab thiab cov lus raug kuaj xyuas, dialectical (los yog cheeb tsam), qhov twg cov lus ntawm qee yam. pab pawg neeg thaj chaw (lub npe hu ua dialects) tau sau thiab piav qhia. Neologisms, cov lus siv tsis tau - uas yog, cov uas nyuam qhuav nkag los hauv hom lus thiab tseem tsis tau paub txaus los ntawm nws, lossis tsis tau siv rau lub sijhawm ntev - tau nthuav tawm hauv phau ntawv txhais lus (historicisms, cov lus siv tsis tau, cov lus tshiab.). Thaum kawg, cov hom ntawv txhais lus no tau tsim uas sawv cev rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib tus kws sau ntawv lossis kws sau paj huam, nrog cov lus piav qhia txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws siv qee cov lus. Cov no suav nrog, piv txwv li, "Cov Lus Txhais ntawm A. S. Pushkin", "Dictionary of Yesenin's works" thiab lwm yam.
