Qab Zib yog cov khoom noj uas muaj nyob hauv cov khoom noj txhua hnub. Raws li kev txheeb cais, nws cov khoom noj yog tas li nce. Muaj 60 kilograms rau ib tus neeg hauv ib xyoos. Muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm qab zib. Tab sis kom nkag siab nws, koj yuav tsum paub txog cov khoom ntawm qab zib, nws siv hauv cov khoom thiab molten.
keeb kwm keeb kwm
Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xav txog Is Nrias teb tsis meej los ua qhov chaw yug ntawm qab zib. Nws yog los ntawm qhov ntawd lub npe tuaj, uas txhais tau tias "grain of sand". Txawm tias cov neeg Loos thaum ub txaus siab rau cov suab thaj ntawm nws qhov muaj nqis tiag. Cov khoom lag luam tau xav tau ntau heev. Brown qab zib tau coj los ntawm Is Nrias teb. Qab zib tau siv los ua nws. Kev muag khoom thiab kev yuav khoom tau ua nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tus neeg nruab nrab, uas yog Egypt.
Qab Zib nyob rau hauv Russia yog thawj zaug saj los ntawm cov neeg ntawm qib siab. Nws tuaj rau peb lub teb chaws nyob rau tiam 11-12. Thawj "qab zib chamber" tau qhib los ntawm Tsar Peter Alekseevich hauv xyoo pua 18th. Cov khoom siv raw rau nws cov khoom tsim tau raug coj los rau ntawdlos ntawm txawv teb chaws. Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1809, cov khoom pib los ntawm domestic raw khoom, siv beets es tsis txhob cane.
tshuaj muaj zog
Qab Zib yog lub npe nrov rau sucrose, uas yog ib feem ntawm pawg carbohydrates uas muab lub zog rau lub cev. Nws belongs rau pawg ntawm disaccharides. Thaum raug rau nws tus kheej enzyme lossis acid, nws tawg mus rau hauv qabzib thiab fructose. Berries, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv sucrose. Nws muaj ob lub xeev: crystalline (ntau ruaj khov) thiab amorphous. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov piam thaj yog:
- nws yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws disaccharide;
- yog tias koj ua kom sov nrog cov tshuaj ammonia, nws yuav tsis muab cov nyhuv hu ua "silver mirror";
- yog tias koj ntxiv tooj liab hydroxide rau sucrose thiab kub nws, xim liab ntawm tooj liab oxide tsis tshwm;
- yog tias koj ntxiv ob peb tee ntawm sulfuric acid rau hauv kev daws ntawm sucrose thiab neutralize nws nrog alkali, thiab tom qab ntawd sov nws nrog tooj liab hydroxide, koj tau txais cov nag lossis daus liab.
Yuav ua li cas?
Qhov no yog txheej txheem uas cov khoom ua kua. Yog tias qhov sib xyaw ua kom sov, nws qhov kub yuav nce thiab cov khoom yuav txav nrawm dua. Yog li ntawd, lub zog sab hauv ntawm lub cev nce. Thaum lub melting point ntawm qab zib thiab lwm yam khoom coincides nrog lawv cov kub thaum rhuab, qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm crystal lattice tshwm sim. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias kev sib cog lus ntawm cov khoom txo qis, vim qhov no, kev sib cuam tshuam lub zog ntawm lawv nce.
Molten matter muaj ntau lub zog sab hauv. Ib feem me me ntawm cov cua sov ntawm fusion mus ua haujlwm cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm lub ntim ntawm lub cev, uas nce rau crystalline lub cev li ntawm 6%. Thaum cov crystals yaj, lawv qhov kub thiab txias yog nyob tas li.
Lub cev muaj zog
Sucrose yaj zoo kawg nkaus hauv dej. Yog hais tias nws kub nce, ces lub solubility kuj nce. Nkag mus rau hauv ethyl cawv, nws tsis hloov nws lub xeev. Tab sis nyob rau hauv ethanol, cov tshuaj yaj sai sai, tab sis tsis heev nyob rau hauv methanol. Cov khoom ntawm qab zib thiab ntsev yog txawv. Tab sis ob yam khoom muaj peev xwm yaj hauv dej.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm qab zib yog 160 degrees. Thaum nws txo qis, sucrose decomposes. Caramel yog tsim, uas yog ib tug complex tshuaj nrog ib tug iab saj thiab xim av xim. Lub melting point ntawm qab zib thiab lwm yam khoom yog ib qho tseem ceeb lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis. Raws li txoj cai, nws yog yaj rau kev npaj cov khoom qab zib qab zib.
Kev sib xyaw thiab hom qab zib
Cov khoom qab zib, ib feem ntawm pawg carbohydrates, muaj cov dej me me. Nws kuj muaj qee cov zaub mov: calcium, potassium, hlau, vitamins B, qab zib yog cov khoom muaj calorie ntau. Hauv 100 grams - 387 units. Muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm nws:
- Reed. Ua los ntawm qab zib cane.
- Beetroot. Beets yog siv los ua noj.
- Maple. Ua los ntawm kua txivqab zib maple ib txwm nyob rau Canada.
- Grape. Cov khoom siv raw yog condensed txiv hmab txiv ntoo kua txiv.
- Sorgovy. Cov nplej sorghum tau ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb los tsim cov suab thaj.
- Palm (jagre). Palm sap yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau lawm.
Qab zib ntawm txhua lub npe tuaj yeem ua kom zoo (ua kom zoo los ntawm impurities) thiab tsis ua kom zoo. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv kev noj haus txhua hnub, ua noj ua haus, kev lag luam zaub mov, qhov twg lub melting point ntawm qab zib yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev. Cov cuab yeej no yog siv los tsim ntau hom khoom.
YQhov cuam tshuam ntawm sucrose ntawm lub cev
Cov khoom qab zib ua rau cov ntshav ntws ntawm tus txha caj qaum thiab lub hlwb. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis kam qab zib kiag li, kev hloov sclerotic yuav tshwm sim. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas haus cov suab thaj, cov plaques ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov hlab ntsha tau tsim tsawg dua. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias thrombosis yuav tshwm sim tsawg dua. Hauv cov neeg nyiam khoom qab zib, cov pob qij txha tsis tshua muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev mob caj dab. Qab zib muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub siab thiab tus po.
Nrog rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm sucrose, ib tus neeg xav tias muaj kev tsis xis nyob, tsis txaus siab, chim siab, kev nyuaj siab yuav tshwm sim. Tab sis nws cov ntsiab lus siab yog txaus ntshai rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm candidiasis, kab mob periodontal, o ntawm qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, khaus ntawm qhov chaw mos, rog dhau.
Khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm qab zib
Nws yog absorbed sai sai los ntawm lub cev, restores zog. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev siv ntau dhau, cov kab mob xws li caries, ntshav qab zib mellitus,rog rog. Yog li ntawd, muaj cov qauv tsim nyog rau kev noj cov khoom qab zib uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li. Rau cov neeg laus, 80 grams tauj ib hnub yog txaus.
Qab Zib yog cov khoom noj tseem ceeb rau kev noj haus, raws li ib nrab ntawm lub zog uas tus neeg siv tau ntxiv los ntawm carbohydrates. Ib feem peb ntawm lawv yog qab zib. Qhov no yog ib tug qab ntxiag khoom qab zib, lub physiological nqi ntawm uas yog enormous. Nws zoo siab rau lub paj hlwb, yog li ua kom pom kev pom thiab hnov lus, txhawb nqa cov teeb meem grey ntawm lub hlwb, tsim cov protein-carbon compounds, glycogens, thiab rog.
ntsev yog dab tsi?
Lawv yog cov tshuaj complex. Acid residues thiab hlau atoms koom nrog lawv tsim. Cov ntsev yog cov ionic compounds. Qhov no yog ib yam khoom ntawm kev hloov ntawm hydrogen atoms uas tsim cov kua qaub nrog ib tug hlau. Cov ntsev tuaj hauv:
- Nruab nrab, thaum tag nrho cov hydrogen atoms hloov los ntawm cov hlau. Cov ntsev no dhau los ua thermal decomposition, hydrolysis. Lawv nkag mus rau hauv kev sib pauv thiab redox tshuaj tiv thaiv.
- Acidic - tsis yog tag nrho cov hydrogen atoms hauv cov kua qaub yog hloov los ntawm hlau. Thaum lub sij hawm thermal decomposition thiab kev cuam tshuam nrog alkali, nruab nrab ntsev yog tsim.
- Oib - Kev hloov pauv ntawm hydrogen atoms yog ua los ntawm ob lub hlau sib txawv. Sib tham nrog cov tshuaj alkaline.
- Basic - thaum tsis tiav lossis ib nrab hloov ntawm pawg hydroxyl los ntawm acidic residue tshwm sim. Lawv raug thermal decomposition, thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub, lawv tsim cov ntsev nruab nrab.
BNyob ntawm seb cov khoom dab tsi cov cations thiab anions uas tsim cov tshuaj muaj, cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm qab zib thiab ntsev yog txiav txim siab. Ib txhia ntawm lawv decompose thaum calcined, thiab thaum interacting nrog ib tug acid, lawv tsim tshiab ntsev thiab acids. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov hauv paus, hlau, thiab ib leeg.
