Kev kawm txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm DNA yog ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Qhov muaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua yam kabmob muaj sia thiab kawm txog lawv.
Definition
Saib yog daim ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub neej hauv av. Nws yog nws uas suav hais tias yog lub ntsiab chav tsev ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom lom neeg. Cov teeb meem uas cuam tshuam nrog lo lus no tau txheeb xyuas zoo tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm.
History Pages
Lo lus "hloov" tau siv txij li thaum ub los ua cim cov npe ntawm cov khoom lom neeg. Carl Linnaeus (Swedish naturalist) tau hais kom siv lo lus no los qhia txog kev sib txawv ntawm kev lom neeg.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tib neeg raws li qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov kev txwv sab nraud raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum xaiv hom. Txoj kev no hu ua typological mus kom ze. Thaum muab ib tus neeg rau ib hom, nws cov yam ntxwv tau muab piv nrog cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov hom uas twb paub lawm.
Hauv cov xwm txheej uas nws tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov sib piv raws li kev kuaj mob npaj tau, tau piav qhia txog hom tshiab. Qee zaum, qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim: poj niam thiab txiv neej koom nrog tib hom tau piav qhia tias yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav sib txawv.
KThaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, thaum muaj cov ntaub ntawv txaus txog cov tsiaj nyeg thiab noog nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb, cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev xav tau raug txheeb xyuas.
Nyob rau hauv ib puas xyoo dhau los, noob caj noob ces tau tsim loj heev, yog li cov tsiaj pib raug suav hais tias yog ib haiv neeg uas muaj cov noob caj noob ces zoo sib xws uas muaj qee yam "kev tiv thaiv" rau nws txoj kev ncaj ncees.
Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th uas qhov zoo sib xws hauv biochemical tsis tau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm hom, tus sau uas yog Ernst Mayer. Xws li ib txoj kev xav tau piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem biochemical ntawm hom.
Kev muaj tiag thiab tshwm sim
Ch. Darwin phau ntawv "Lub Keeb Kwm ntawm Hom" hais txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm hom, qhov maj mam "muag" ntawm cov kab mob nrog cov yam ntxwv tshiab.
Ib hom tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib pawg ntawm ecologically thiab thaj chaw zoo sib xws uas muaj peev xwm ntawm interbreeding nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso. Lawv muaj cov khoom siv biochemical zoo sib xws, cov yam ntxwv morphophysical.
View criteria
Lawv txhais tau tias cov lej ntawm qee qhov tshwj xeeb muaj nyob hauv ib hom nkaus xwb. Txhua tus muaj nws tus yam ntxwv tsis zoo uas yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas kom meej ntxiv.
Lub cev muaj zog yog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv lub neej, piv txwv li, kev tsim tawm. Interbreeding ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm ntau hom tsis xav tau.
Morphological criterion implies ib qho piv txwv nyob rau hauv lub sab nrauv thiab sab hauv ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm tib hom.
Biochemical hom kev ntsuas txuas rau qhov tshwj xeebnucleic acids thiab proteins.
Ib yam kab mob caj ces cuam tshuam txog cov txheej txheem chromosomes uas txawv hauv cov qauv thiab nyuaj.
Ethological yam ntxwv muaj feem xyuam rau qhov chaw nyob. Txhua hom muaj nws qhov chaw ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv ib puag ncig ntuj.
Lub ntsiab nta
Saib yog suav tias yog theem zoo ntawm cov tsiaj qus. Nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam kev sib raug zoo intraspecific uas ua kom nws cov evolution thiab luam tawm. Nws lub ntsiab feature yog ib qho kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov noob caj noob ces, uas yog tswj los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov me nyuam ntawm ib co neeg los ntawm lwm yam zoo sib xws.
Yuav kom muaj kev sib koom siab, kev sib koom ua ke pub dawb ntawm tib neeg yog siv, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv mus tas li ntawm cov noob hauv zej zog.
Txhua hom rau ntau tiam neeg yoog raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm ib cheeb tsam. Cov txheej txheem biochemical ntawm ib hom muaj kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm nws cov qauv caj ces, tshwm sim los ntawm evolutionary mutations, recombinations, thiab kev xaiv ntuj. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm hom, nws qhov kev sib cais rau hauv haiv neeg, haiv neeg, subspecies.
Yuav kom muaj kev sib cais ntawm noob caj noob ces, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum cais pawg neeg muaj feem cuam tshuam los ntawm hiav txwv, suab puam, roob toj siab.
Cov txheej txheem biochemical ntawm ib hom kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog kev sib cais ntawm ecological, uas muaj qhov tsis sib haum xeeb hauv lub sijhawm ntawm kev yug me nyuam, qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov tsiaj hauv ntau qib ntawm biocenosis.
Yog hais tias kev hla kev sib txawv tshwm sim lossis hybrids nrog tsis muaj zogyam ntxwv, ces qhov no yog ib qho qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm kev sib cais ntawm hom, nws qhov tseeb. K. A. Timiryazev ntseeg hais tias ib hom yog ib pawg nruj heev uas tsis muaj kev hloov kho, thiab yog li ntawd tsis muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb.
Ethological criterion piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm evolution hauv cov kab mob nyob.
Pabneeg
Cov txheej txheem biochemical ntawm hom, piv txwv uas tuaj yeem txiav txim siab rau cov neeg sib txawv, yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm hom. Nyob rau hauv qhov ntau, cov tib neeg ntawm tib hom raug faib tsis sib npaug, vim nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj qus tsis muaj cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws rau kev yug me nyuam thiab muaj nyob.
Piv txwv li, mole colonies kis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej meadows. Muaj ib tug natural decay ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm hom mus rau hauv pejxeem. Tab sis qhov kev sib txawv no tsis tshem tawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tib neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw ciam teb.
Lub cev muaj zog kuj tseem txuas nrog qhov tseeb tias cov pej xeem ceev tau hloov pauv loj hauv lub caij sib txawv thiab xyoo. Cov pejxeem yog ib hom kev muaj nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ib puag ncig, nws yog rightfully suav hais tias yog ib chav tsev ntawm evolution.
Nws tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog ib pawg ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm tib hom muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib txuas pub dawb.
Lawv muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev hauv qee qhov ntawm qhov ntau, rau qee qhov cais los ntawm lwm haiv neeg. Dab tsi yog qhov kev ntsuas biochemical ntawm ib hom? Yog hais tias cov tib neeg ntawm tib cov pej xeem muaj ib tug tseem ceeb tus naj npawb ntawm cov zoo xws li, sab hauvhla. Txawm hais tias tus txheej txheem no, cov pej xeem muaj tus cwj pwm los ntawm caj ces heterogeneity vim muaj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tas li.
Darwinian sib txawv
Txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv piav qhia txog biochemical cov txheej txheem ntawm hom li cas? Piv txwv ntawm cov pej xeem sib txawv ua pov thawj qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev muaj sia nyob nrog rau sab nraud homogeneity ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov caj ces. Qhov no yog qhov tso cai rau cov pej xeem hloov zuj zus. Ciaj sia nyob rau hauv kev xaiv ntuj qhuav heev.
View types
Kev sib cais yog raws li ob txoj hauv kev:
- morphological, uas suav nrog txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm hom;
- kev cais tawm menyuam yaus ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm caj ces tus kheej.
Thaum piav txog hom tshiab, qee qhov teeb meem feem ntau tshwm sim, uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua tsis tiav thiab maj mam ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm speciation, nrog rau kev sib tham tsis meej ntawm cov txheej txheem rau ib leeg.
Cov txheej txheem biochemical ntawm hom, lub ntsiab lus uas muaj kev txhais lus sib txawv, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los ua ib qho "hom":
- monotypic yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm qhov tsis sib xws ntau yam, uas qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm thaj chaw tsis muaj zog;
- polytypic txhais tau hais tias suav nrog ntau thaj chaw cais subspecies ib zaug;
- polymorphic txhais tau tias muaj nyob hauv ib tus neeg ntawm ntau pawg morpho ntawm cov tib neeg uassib txawv heev ntawm cov xim, tab sis muaj peev xwm interbreed. Lub hauv paus caj ces ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm polymorphism yog qhov yooj yim heev: qhov sib txawv ntawm morphs tau piav qhia los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov alleles ntawm tib lub noob.
polymorphism piv txwv
Adaptive polymorphism tuaj yeem pom ntawm tus piv txwv ntawm kev thov Vajtswv. Nws yog characterized los ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm xim av thiab ntsuab morphs. Thawj qhov kev xaiv yog qhov nyuaj rau kev kuaj pom ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntsuab, thiab qhov thib ob yog zoo kawg nkaus camouflaged hauv cov nyom qhuav, tsob ntoo ceg. Thaum transplanting mantises ntawm hom no mus rau qhov sib txawv keeb kwm yav dhau, tau pom muaj kev hloov pauv polymorphism.
Hybridogenic polymorphism yuav raug txiav txim siab ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm Spanish wheatear. Cov txiv neej ntawm hom no yog nyob rau hauv dub-throated thiab dawb-throated morphs. Nyob ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm cheeb tsam, qhov piv no muaj qee qhov sib txawv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb hauv chaw soj nstuam, qhov kev xav tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej txog kev tsim cov kab mob dub-throated morph nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm hybridization nrog bald wheatear.
Twin Species
Lawv tuaj yeem nyob ua ke, tab sis tsis muaj kev hla ntawm lawv, pom qhov sib txawv me ntsis morphological. Qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov txawv ntawm cov hom zoo sib xws yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov nyuaj ntawm kev txheeb xyuas lawv cov yam ntxwv kev kuaj mob, txij li cov kab ntxaib no tau paub zoo hauv lawv "taxonomy".
Qhov tshwm sim no yog ib yam rau cov pab pawg tsiaj uas siv tsw ntxhiab thaum nrhiav tus khub, piv txwv li, nas, kab. Tsuas yog qee qhov xwm txheej, qhov tshwm sim zoo sib xws tau pom hauv cov kab mob uas siv cov suab nrov thiab pom kev pom.
Klesty Pine thiab Spruceyog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov kwv tij hom ntawm cov noog. Lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm thaj chaw loj uas suav nrog Scandinavian Peninsula thiab Northern Europe. Tab sis, txawm qhov no, interbreeding tsis yog ib txwm zoo rau noog. Lub ntsiab morphological sib txawv ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv qhov loj ntawm lub beak, uas yog ho thicker nyob rau hauv lub ntoo thuv.
Semi-species
Vim tias cov txheej txheem ntawm speciation yog ntev thiab pos, cov ntaub ntawv yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv uas nws yog ib qho teeb meem heev kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov xwm txheej. Lawv tsis tau dhau los ua ib hom kab txawv, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem raug hu ua semi-hom, vim muaj qhov sib txawv morphological tseem ceeb ntawm lawv. Biologists hu cov ntaub ntawv no "borderline case", "semi-species". Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lawv yog heev ntau. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Central Asia, ib tug ntau sparrow coexists nrog dub-breasted sparrow, uas yog ze rau nws cov yam ntxwv, tab sis muaj ib tug txawv xim.
Txawm tias muaj ib qho chaw nyob, tsis muaj kev sib txuas ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv ltalis, muaj ib tug txawv hom ntawm sparrow, uas tshwm sim los ntawm hybridization ntawm Spanish thiab brownie. Hauv Spain, lawv nyob ua ke, tab sis hybrids suav tias tsis tshua muaj.
In xaus
Yuav kom tshawb txog ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub neej, tus txiv neej yuav tsum tsim kom muaj qee qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov kab mob kom faib lawv mus rau hauv ib hom. Saib yog chav tsev yam tsawg kawg nkaus uas tau tsim keeb kwm.
Nws yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov tib neeg zoo sib xws hauv lub cev, morphological, biochemical yam ntxwv, muab cov xeeb ntxwv zoo,yoog mus rau tej yam kev mob tshwj xeeb. Cov paib zoo li no tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb txog biologist khaws cov kev faib tawm ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia.
