Chriya yog ib lub tswvyim uas tau paub txij li lub sijhawm Greek thaum ub, nws txhais tau tias "xav tau ib yam dab tsi", "hais lus raws li txoj cai". Lub ntsiab txhais kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv ancient Rome. Hriya nyob rau hauv rhetoric qhia txog ib hom kev xav. Lawv feem ntau hais txog ib lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb lossis hais.
Hriya is part of the rhetoric?
Nyob rau lub sijhawm Roman thiab Greek, cov neeg hais lus tau siv lawv cov lus zoo los ntawm kev siv chrya. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd, lub tswv yim yog ib qho indisputable ib feem ntawm lub rhetorical kos duab. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm mus txog rau lub xyoo pua puv 19, ntau yam kev qhuab qhia ntawm humanitarian xwm tau nquag qhia nyob rau hauv Russia rau kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv gymnasiums, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv, uas yuav tsum tau rau tag nrho cov. Txhua leej txhua tus yuav tsum paub Latin thiab Greek thaum ub, uas yog vim li cas rhetoric, uas tau yug los ua tsaug rau cov lus no, kuj tau kawm ua ke. Ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm siv cov qauv hriya kom ua tau zoo hauv kev hais lus zoo, kom tsim tau lawv cov lus kom meej thiab raug.
Txoj hmoohiii
Hriya yog qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws rau tus neeg uas xav kawm lus zoo, vim nws yog tus kws qhia zoo. Nws yog kev tu siab uas nyob rau lub sijhawm tom ntej ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm no tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho. Vim li no, ob qho tib si hauv cov tsev kawm qib siab thiab hauv gymnasiums, cov sij hawm ntawm kev qhia lus thaum ub, feem, rhetoric, raug txiav. Vim li no, hriya tau tso tseg kom nquag siv. Kev hloov kho kev kawm hauv tebchaws Russia cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov no.
Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv nees nkaum xyoo pua XX, rhetoric ploj mus los ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia tseem ceeb hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis txhua yam hloov pauv tom qab xya caum xyoo. Kev rov qab mus rau qhov kev qhuab qhia uas ploj lawm thiab tsis nco qab pib, yog li hriya rov qab mus rau nws txoj haujlwm qub. Nws yog nquag siv, ua haujlwm zoo rau kev txhim kho kev hais lus rhetoric.
qauv
Tus qauv ntawm hriya zoo nkaus li yooj yim los ntawm sab nraud, nws suav nrog cov pov thawj lossis qhov tsis lees paub ntawm qhov pib muab tso rau hauv thesis, tswvyim. Tag nrho cov lus xaus tom ntej yuav tsum yog ib daim ntawv meej, thiab yuav tsum tau hais nyob rau hauv ib ntus. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab yog qhov xaus, qhov kev daws teeb meem. Ntawd yog, hais lus ntawm hriya feem ntau, ib tus tuaj yeem nkag siab tias nws muaj qhov teeb meem, piav qhia, kev daws teeb meem. Lub tswv yim tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv qhia kev xav lossis cov ntawv sau uas muaj teeb meem tshwj xeeb raug tsa. Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov kawg nws yog qhov tsim nyog los pom zoo nrog cov thesis lossis tsis. Tab sis tsis yog txhua yam yog yooj yim li nws zoo nkaus li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, vim hais tias lub tswv yim nonws dav heev. Nws suav nrog ob hom hriya, txhua tus kuj muaj nws cov tsos thiab qauv. Nws yog kev cai rau ib leeg tawm classical thiab dawb.
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov chrya classical
Classic kuj tseem hu ua nruj lossis ncaj. Lub ntsiab yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov kev npaj yog kom tau ib tug meej thiab meej thesis, uas tom qab ntawd yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm thiab proven los yog refuted. Cov qauv classical suav nrog yim faib.
- Attack - nws tsom ntsoov rau cov mloog lossis nyeem, ua qhov pib rau zaj dab neeg. Hauv seem no, koj tuaj yeem "tawm sab nraud" piav qhia qhov teeb meem nws tus kheej, lossis qhia thiab them nqi rau tus sau nqe lus.
- Paraphrase - tag nrho thiab cov ncauj lus ntxaws ntxaws ntawm lub ncauj lus. Tshooj lus suav nrog tsib kab lus tom ntej, qhov twg thawj tus qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb, thiab cov tom ntej piav qhia thiab txhawb nqa ib lossis lwm qhov kev xav. Qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntu no yog nthuav tawm qhov teeb meem kom ntxaws thiab raug.
- Yog vim li cas - qhia tias qhov thesis yog qhov tseeb lossis cuav.
- Tshwj xeeb - nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm zaj dab neeg no yog kev cai los nthuav tawm qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov kev xav, thiab nws tuaj yeem lees txais lossis tsis lees paub. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom pom tseeb qhov no lossis qhov kev xaiv ntawd.
- Similarity - qhov teeb meem yog piv nrog cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws, uas kuj ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov pov thawj peculiar.
- Piv txwv - cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau kos qhov teeb meem no tshwm sim.
- Pov thawj - ua piv txwv qhia cov lus los ntawm cov neeg thuam lossis cov kws sau ntawv, thiabnws raug tso cai los sau cov ntawv nrog cov thesis zoo sib xws.
- Lus xaus - nyob rau hauv nqe lus no nws yog kev cai los qhia qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev pom, uas qhia txog kev daws teeb meem lossis kev daws tsis tau, thiab feem ntau kuj tseem muaj qhov kev xav ntawm tus neeg piav qhia lossis tus sau.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev sau hriya hauv cov qauv nruj yog ntau qhov kev xav hauv algebra lossis geometry. Thaum sau cov ntawv no ntawm koj tus kheej, nws yog qhov ua tau los hloov cov qauv qauv, tab sis qhov kev hloov pauv tag nrho hauv cov qauv nruj yog qhov tsis lees txais.
Hriyyah pattern
Piv txwv li, muab ib nqe lus:
Tsis txhob cia koj tus nplaig ua ntej koj xav.
Kev tawm tsam yuav zoo li no: lub tswv yim no yog los ntawm Greek kws sau paj huam Chilo. Nws muaj kev nkag siab ntawm tib neeg thiab paub tias lawv feem ntau hais ua ntej lawv xav.
Paraphrase: tus kws sau paj lug tau tsa lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg kev sib raug zoo nrog ib leeg. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem hauv kev sib txuas lus, nws tau hais kom siv lub tswv yim yooj yim - xav ua ntej koj hais dab tsi.
Yog vim li cas: Cov lus muaj tseeb, vim tib neeg yuav tsis tuaj yeem sib txuas lus ntev yog tias lawv tsis xav txog lawv cov lus thiab ua rau lwm tus.
Nasty: tej zaum yog thiab hais qhov koj xav kom tsis txhob zais zais. Tab sis yuav ua li cas qhov no yuav tsis ua mob rau kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm tib neeg? Muaj ntau txoj kev xav tau zoo tshaj plaws rau koj tus kheej.
Piv txwv: qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim hauv Pechorin lub neej hauv kev ua haujlwm "Ib tug Hero ntawm Peb Lub Sijhawm", uas nws tsis zais nws txoj kev xav txog tib neeg lossis nws cov kev xav hauv lub neej, tab sisRaws li qhov tshwm sim, Pechorin, qhov no ua rau muaj kev tawg tag, tsis muaj cov neeg hlub thiab cov phooj ywg.
Certificate:
Txawm tias tsev neeg txoj kev sib raug zoo yuav poob yog tias peb cov kev xav tau sau rau ntawm peb lub hauv pliaj (Maria Ebner Eschenbach).
Kev xaus: qhov kev xav no nyob ze kuv, yog li kuv qhia nws. Tseeb tiag, ib tug neeg tuaj yeem poob ntau vim yog ib lo lus tsis raug. Cov lus tau muab rau peb los sau cov lus zoo nkauj thiab ntxim nyiam uas yuav zoo siab rau lawv, thiab tsis ua rau poob siab.
Free hriya
Nws yooj yim dua los sau hriya hauv cov ntawv dawb, qhov tseem ceeb yog ua raws li cov kab ke - ua ntej txhua yam pov thawj, thiab tsuas yog tom qab lawv yog cov lus teeb meem. Rau ntau tus, xws li cov tswv yim zoo li nyuaj, vim hais tias qhov kev hloov pauv ib txwm muaj. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab yooj yim tias qhov thesis nws tus kheej yog qhov xaus ntawm cov lus piav qhia. Cov qauv suav nrog tsib ntu:
- tawm tsam;
- proof;
- kev sib txuas - nws yog tus choj ntawm cov pov thawj thiab cov thesis, qhov twg koj yuav tsum sau lossis hais txog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov teeb meem;
- thesis - yuav tsum tau tsim ua qhov xaus rau txhua yam hais saum toj no.
pov thawj
Hriya tsis yog ib qho teeb meem xwb, nws kuj yog kev sib cav (pov thawj). Nws tuaj yeem yog txhua yam hauv qhov xwm txheej, tab sis nws qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog cov qauv, uas tuaj yeem ncaj qha lossis thim rov qab. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev muab tso ua ke ntawm hriya, nws tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj zog thiab muaj zog. Cov lus no tau hais meej los ntawm Homer hauv nws cov haujlwm. Txais,tias tus naj npawb ntawm qhov hnyav thiab cov lus sib cav ua rau muaj kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws.
Qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum paub thaum ua haujlwm nrog hriya yog qhov classic version yuav tsum tau siv thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg tuaj saib paub tab, thiab cov dawb version yog qhov zoo dua rau cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tseem tsis tau muaj peev xwm xav txog kom meej. thiab meej.
Ntse
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tswv yim no yog tias nws yog tag nrho cov cuab yeej ntawm rhetorical art. Tab sis nws kuj yog universal, raws li nws muaj peev xwm muaj nyob rau hauv ntau lwm yam ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, ib tug feem ntau pom hriya nyob rau hauv cov ntawv tshawb fawb, nyob rau hauv cov ntawv puas siab puas ntsws, thiab kuj ntawm philosophical prose. Tej zaum nws yuav tsis pom tam sim ntawd, vim qee zaum nws yog siv rau hauv daim ntawv nthuav dav heev, vim tias xav tau ntau cov pov thawj lossis kev tsis lees paub. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem qhia luv luv, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb yuav tsum muaj nyob hauv cov ntawv nyeem.
Chriya rau kev kawm
Hnub no, feem ntau muaj teeb meem ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv, qee zaum txawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm - lawv tsis tuaj yeem sau ntawv lossis sau ntawv kom raug. Rau ntau dua, lawv tig mus rau hauv Internet, qhov chaw uas lawv rov sau lawv cov hauj lwm los yog luam tawm ntawm lwm tus, hloov me ntsis. Khriya ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev kawm niaj hnub no, vim nws tuaj yeem yooj yim qhia kev sau ntawv zoo nkauj. Ntau tus kws qhia ntawv piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm lub tswv yim no rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, thiab lawv tsuas yog tsim lawv cov kev xav thiabtau txais ib daim ntawv sau tiav yam tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau. Koj tuaj yeem qhia tus menyuam kawm ntawv rau hriyas los ntawm tsev kawm theem qis nrog kev pab los ntawm cov paj lug. Cov menyuam yaus muab lawv sib cais, tshuaj xyuas lawv, nrhiav qhov teeb meem thiab nws txoj kev daws teeb meem.
Txoj cai rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm siv hriya
Hriya yog kev kawm zoo heev. Nws pab tau ntau heev thaum ua hauj lwm nrog ib qho kev sau ntawv tsis yog nrhiav ib txoj kev npaj, tab sis siv cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog kev pab los ntawm lub tswv yim no thiab nws daim ntawv thov, tus me nyuam nquag ua haujlwm logic, nws kawm los qhia nws qhov kev xav, tsim nws tsis tu ncua. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv nthuav dav ntau yam ntawm lawv txoj kev paub, vim muaj ntau yam haujlwm tau siv los ua thesis. Tau kawg, tus menyuam kawm thawj zaug kawm lus, uas tom qab ntawd pab nws hauv lub neej.
Hnub no, cov menyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov menyuam kawm ntawv feem ntau siv cov ntawv thiab cov phau ntawv niaj hnub no.
Cov cai yooj yim rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv lossis cov tub ntxhais kawm kom muaj peev xwm tsim cov pov thawj tsis tu ncua:
- Yuav tsum xaiv ntau hom pov thawj.
- Lawv yuav tsum suav nrog hauv cov ntawv hauv theem, haum rau hauv nws cov organically, yog li nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ua raws li koj xav.
- Cov pov thawj muaj zog yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov feem, thiab cov pov thawj tsis muaj zog yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua ke rau hauv pab pawg, qhov tshwm sim yuav yog qhov nruab nrab, kev sib cav nkag siab.
- Zoo tshaj yog hais qhov hnyav tshaj plaws ua ntej, thiab tso cov me zaum kawg.
- Thaum muab tso ua ke, yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib,vim nws yuav pab koj mloog koj cov lus ntau ntxiv.
