Hnub no, muaj ntau hom kev ua haujlwm nrog ntawv. Qee tus ntawm lawv tau tsim ntau pua xyoo dhau los, lwm tus tsis nco qab thiab tab tom muaj kev rov yug dua tshiab, thiab tseem muaj lwm tus tau txais koob meej tsis ntev los no. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv txhua tus qhia yuav ua li cas los tsim cov khoom zoo nkauj txawv txawv, tsuas muaj cov khoom no ntawm tes. Ntxiv rau hauv tsab xov xwm, peb yuav xav txog cov hom kev ua haujlwm nrog ntawv.
History data
thawj zaug ntawm daim ntawv hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 2 BC. e. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb los ntawm ib lub tsev hais plaub thiab pib kis mus rau sab hnub poob thiab Central Asia. Xyoo 793, lawv pib ua nws hauv Baghdad, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Nyob rau xyoo pua 14th, cov ntawv zeb pib ua haujlwm hauv Tebchaws Europe.
Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm luam ntawv, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom no tau loj hlob sai. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau nws siv yog paj rwb thiab linen. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, nrog kev xav tau ntau ntxiv thiab cov ntawv tsis txaus, kev tshawb nrhiav tau pib rau lwm cov khoom siv raw uas tuaj yeem ua tau.kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, nws pib ua los ntawm ntoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub raug tsim tawm, cov txheej txheem tshiab rau kev tsim cov khoom siv no tau tsim.
Hnub no, cov khoom siv tes ua thaum ub twb yog kev lag luam zoo heev. Thaum cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tau hloov pauv ntau txoj hauv kev, kev tsim cov khoom tshwj xeeb nrog lub zog siab yog tseem ua raws li kev siv paj rwb lossis linen fibers.
Hnub no tsis tuaj yeem xav txog peb lub neej tsis muaj ntawv. Ntxiv nrog rau lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb, nws yog siv los ua kom muaj tswv yim tswv yim, tsim cov khoom sib xyaw thiab kho kom zoo nkauj. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm nyob rau lub sijhawm qub, ntau yam duab tau ua nrog kev pab ntawm daim ntawv, cov duab tau kos, thiab lub tsev tau pleev xim rau thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog nws. Qee cov txuj ci ntawv tau paub ntev lawm.
papier-mache
Los ntawm Fabkis, lo lus no txhais tau tias "chewed paper". Qhov tseeb, nws yog ntawv torn rau hauv me me los yog strips ntawm daim ntawv soaked nyob rau hauv kua nplaum. Cov khoom tiav tuaj yeem nchuav rau hauv pwm. Tej daim yog muab tso rau ntawm cov khoom. Tom qab ziab, cov khoom tsim tau raug dai kom zoo nkauj siv ntau yam kev kho kom zoo nkauj.
Thaum pib, daim duab no tau tshwm sim hauv Far East. Cov khoom tiav tau varnished thiab decorated nrog pob zeb thiab paintings. Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev muaj tswv yim no tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, siv ntau yam txuj ci rau kev ua hauj lwm nrog ntawv, papier-mâché cov khoom pib ua.ua nyob rau hauv Fabkis, ces nyob rau hauv England thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, txoj hauj lwm no tau poob nws qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, vim nws pheej yig thiab yooj yim, lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, Christmas decorations thiab mannequins txuas ntxiv mus ua li no.
Decoupage
Lo lus no zoo ib yam li Fabkis txoj decouper, uas txhais tau tias "txiav". Decoupage yog hom kev kos duab zoo nkauj uas tso cai rau koj los tsim cov duab thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj ntawm qhov chaw siv cov ntawv txiav. Nws yog cov txheej txheem nthuav dav thiab zoo siab rau kev ua haujlwm nrog ntawv.
Nws tshwm sim nyob rau Fabkis xyoo pua 17th. Ntawm no nws tau siv feem ntau los kho cov rooj tog. Yuav luag ib puas xyoo tom qab, kos duab ntawm decoupage swept thoob teb chaws Europe. Lub sijhawm dhau los, cov txheej txheem tau nrov heev uas lawv pib tsim cov duab kos raws li nws, tshwj xeeb yog tsim los kho cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Thiab niaj hnub no, ntau tus poj niam xav tau kev pab ntawm decoupage muab lub neej thib ob rau yam qub.
paper txiav
Hauv Suav teb thaum ub, kos duab ntawm kev kos duab los ntawm cov khoom siv no tau tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov stencils uas tau siv rau paj ntaub. Lawv ornaments tau txawv los ntawm complexity thiab originality. Hauv Nyij Pooj, cov ntawv txiav stencils tau siv los luam cov duab ntawm cov ntaub.
Tam sim no tom qab, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog ntawv tau paub hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab tau siv dav los ntawm cov xibfwb los tsim cov ntawv sau. Tom qab cov khoom pib siv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw, tib neeg pib kos duab, tib neeg, tsiaj txhu thiab scenes ntawm lub neej.los kho tsev. Thiab niaj hnub no hauv qee lub tebchaws muaj kev sib tw thiab kev ua koob tsheej rau hom kev kos duab no, uas koj tuaj yeem pom cov khoom tshwj xeeb.
paper decoration
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los ua kom tiav cov khoom no. Tau ntau xyoo, txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj yog kev siv stencils nrog cov khoom zoo nkauj. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov ntawv dai kom zoo nkauj hauv txoj kev no, cov phab ntsa thiab qab nthab ntawm chav, cov khoom loj thiab me tau dai kom zoo nkauj. Nrog rau kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, ib hom kev luam ntawv hu ua stamping tshwm. Nws tuaj yeem siv rau txhua hom ntawv lossis cov khoom siv ntawv. Tam sim no, xws li luam ntawv yog suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov nqi pheej yig tshaj plaws rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub vev xaib. Hauv cov khw tshwj xeeb, koj tuaj yeem yuav cov stencils npaj tau lossis ua rau lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev txhais tau tias.
Creating paper designs
Los ntawm kev txiav, gluing thiab folding ntawv, koj tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog zoo nkauj, tab sis kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub tsev. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov ntawv thiab cov duab los qhia. Koj muaj peev xwm tsim tsis tau tsuas yog yooj yim compositions, tab sis kuj complex peb-dimensional duab.
paper folding rov qab mus rau ntau yam kev kos duab qub ntawm kev ua ntaub. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv siv origami. Nov yog cov txheej txheem uas tso cai rau koj los tsim cov khoom lag luam los ntawm lub dav hlau yooj yim mus rau cov qauv duab geometric.
Nyob rau xyoo 19th, nyob rau qee lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe, folding cov duab los ntawm cov ntawv xim pib qhia hauv kindergartens.
Tsis nrovsiv cov qauv tsim los ntawm cov duab los qhia. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nws tau siv los ua qauv rau yav tom ntej sculptures thiab architectural lug. Tsis ntev los no, cov txheej txheem no tau siv dav los tsim cov khoom ua si, suav nrog cov rooj tog ntoo. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias lawv yog cov ruaj khov, ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg thiab pheej yig.
ntawv yas yog dab tsi?
Nov yog cov txheej txheem raws li qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm daim ntawv los ua ib daim ntawv lossis lwm qhov. Qhov no yog ib qho kev kos duab zoo nkauj uas tso cai rau koj los tsim thiab ua qauv ntawm peb-dimensional compositions thiab ntawv sculptures.
Ntawm txhua txoj kev paub sib txawv rau kev ua haujlwm nrog ntawv, ntawv-yas yog suav tias yog daim duab kos duab tshiab thiab niaj hnub tshaj plaws. Thawj cov haujlwm ua los ntawm cov qauv no tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, thiab los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, txoj kev tau lees paub tias yog ib hom kev muaj tswv yim. Niaj hnub no, ntawv yas tau pom nws daim ntawv thov hauv kev tsim sab hauv, tsim avant-garde zam cwj pwm thiab lwm qhov chaw.
Kev ua haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem no tsis tshua mob siab dua li appliqué, qhov tshwm sim yog qhov nco ntau dua ntawm cov khoom peb-dimensional tsim ntawm lub dav hlau. Layouts, paintings thiab sculptures ua nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm daim ntawv yas yog txawv los ntawm kev tshav ntuj thiab realism.
Origami, modular origami, kirigami
Nov yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem txawv tshaj plaws:
- Origami yog ib txwm siv Japanese kos duab ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog ntawv, uas txhais tau tias "folded paper" hauv kev txhais lus. Nyob rau hauv lub classic version, cov duab yog tsim los ntawm ib tug square daim ntawv. Muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev ua ntu zuskom txog thaum cov khoom npaj tau txais - qhov no yog cov txheej txheem origami. Tam sim no, cov txheej txheem yog ntau dua li cov ntawv tsim. Cov duab tuaj yeem txuas los yog sib sau los ntawm ntau qhov chaw, pleev xim, txiav lossis incised.
- Modular origami yog ib qho ntawm ntau yam uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev kos duab. Nws suav nrog kev sib sau ua ke ntawm kev sib xyaw los ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv (modules). Txhua feem yog folded nyob rau hauv classic origami txoj kev, thiab ces nested nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam nto moo tshaj plaws hauv cov txheej txheem origami modular yog kusudama - cov khoom peb-dimensional spherical.
- Kirigami yog lwm txoj kev siv cov ntawv nrov. Nws yog raws li kev txiav, folding thiab twisting zoo tib yam lossis cov khoom siv xim. Daim duab no yog qub raws li cov txheej txheem ntawv origami. Nyob rau hauv cov qauv tsim, lub workpiece yog cim, txiav, folded thiab unfolded kom tau ib tug peb-dimensional los yog ca khoom.
Quilling
Lub npe no los ntawm lo lus quill, uas txhais tau tias "noog plaub". Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nrog quilling ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv twisting ntev strips ntawm txawv widths rau hauv spirals thiab muab lawv ib tug tej yam zoo li. Ces lawv tsim peb-dimensional los yog planar compositions.
Txoj kev pib hauv Tebchaws Europe nyob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 15th. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, nws yog xyaumtsis nco qab thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no tau pib muaj koob meej dua. Txawm hais tias tus cwj pwm rau daim ntawv yog qee yam tsis yooj yim thiab luv luv, quilling ua rau koj ntseeg qhov tsis sib xws. Piv txwv li, koj tuaj yeem muab cov khoom hnyav rau ntawm qhov chaw ruaj ntseg uas siv cov txheej txheem no yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov kauv.
kos duab kos duab no yog los ntawm cov txheej txheem ua ntaub ntawv tsis yog ib txwm ua. Tso cai rau koj los tsim cov kev sib txawv txawv ntawm ntau hom los ntawm nws. Trimming yog ua los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nrog corrugated ntawv, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib tug pas nrig yog muab tso rau lub taub qab kawg thiab me ntsis twisted. Qhov tshwm sim trimming ib feem yog pauv mus rau tus qauv ntawm daim duab, glued, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd tus pas nrig raug tshem tawm. Cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no raug kho zoo ib yam, txuas rau txhua ntu, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob muaj qhov khoob.
Txiav tshwm sim:
- Contour, uas yog, trimming yog glued raws contour ntawm daim duab.
- Planar - npog tag nrho saum npoo ntawm daim duab.
- Volumetric - txhua ntu yog glued ntawm lub kaum ntse ntse tshwj xeeb, uas tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov qauv nyem.
- Multilayered - trimmings yog glued rau ib leeg.
Applique
Ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ua ntaub ntawv ntau yam, qhov no yog ib qho nrov tshaj plaws. Qhov kev muaj tswv yim no muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntawv xim, ntaub, tawv, duab los qhia, nplooj, hlaws, daim hlau thiab lwm yam khoom rau lub hauv paus kom tau txais kev ua tiav.
Kev ua haujlwmdaim ntawv thov no muaj txawm rau cov menyuam yaus, nws txhim kho kev xav thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm tes zoo. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua yav tom ntej tuaj yeem ua ua ntej los ntawm tus neeg laus lossis tso siab rau tus menyuam. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm cov khoom sib txuas los yog ua ke nrog cov ntsiab lus tshawb xyuas.
Siv cov txheej txheem no, tag nrho cov duab yog tsim uas muaj kev cuam tshuam lub siab, txav thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm lawv cov cim. Rau qhov no, silhouettes ntawm tib neeg, tsiaj txhu, khoom siv hauv tsev raug txiav tawm. Nyob rau ib puas xyoo dhau los, tseem muaj sia nyob thiab cov duab dub thiab dawb tau ua li no.
Cov ntaub ntawv zoo li cas rau menyuam mos?
Raws li menyuam yaus kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab cov kws qhia ntawv, kev coj tus menyuam mus rau kev muaj tswv yim pab txhawb rau nws txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse. Ua hauj lwm nrog cov khoom malleable tso cai rau koj los tsim cov khoom zoo nkauj ntawm koj tus kheej.
Kev qhia cov ntaub ntawv rau cov menyuam yaus ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txaus siab rau cov menyuam yaus txhua hnub. Koj tuaj yeem pib los ntawm daim ntawv thov yooj yim dua thiab txiav, thiab xaus nrog quilling thiab origami. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov menyuam yaus tau txais kev ntseeg siab hauv kev txav, txhim kho cov ntiv tes yooj yim, siv zog los txhim kho lawv cov kev txawj ntse thiab nkag siab ntau hom ntawv-plasticity.
Ib qho tseem ceeb sib npaug yog kev kawm ncaj ncees thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Daim ntawv crafts tso cai rau koj los tsim tej yam zoo xws li kev ncaj ncees, txaus siab pab, collectivism, sociability, kev txhawb nqa, kev xyiv fab rau ib tug phooj ywg, daws teeb meem.
Cov txheej txheem muaj tswv yim nws tus kheej txhim kho kev xav, spatial thiab pomkev xav, qhia txog tus kheej lub peev xwm ntawm tus menyuam, kev txawj ntse muaj peev xwm. Mastering ntau cov tswv yim nyuaj npaj cov me nyuam rau kev npaj ywj pheej, tswj thiab ntsuam xyuas lawv cov yeeb yam, kho qhov yuam kev thiab tswj tus kheej.
Thaum siv ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem no, yuav tsum tau ua raws li daim ntawv ceeb toom kev nyab xeeb. Qhov twg siv txiab, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov no yog ib yam khoom txaus ntshai thiab yuav tsum tau saib xyuas zoo. Cov menyuam yaus yuav tsum ua haujlwm nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb uas muaj qhov kawg. Nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias daim ntawv muaj cov npoo ntse thiab tuaj yeem ua rau raug mob hnyav.
