Xwm tau tsim ntau yam kab mob thiab cov hlwb, tab sis txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv thiab feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob lom neeg yog tib yam, uas tso cai rau peb los txiav txim siab txog lawv cov qauv thiab kawm lawv cov khoom tseem ceeb yam tsis tau khi rau ib hom twg. ntawm cell.
Dab tsi yog daim nyias nyias?
Membranes yog cov khoom tiv thaiv uas yog ib feem ntawm lub cell ntawm txhua yam kab mob nyob.
Cov txheej txheem thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua yam kab mob nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb yog lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb yog inextricably txuas nrog ib puag ncig uas nws sib pauv zog, ntaub ntawv, teeb meem. Yog li, lub zog noj zaub mov tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes los ntawm sab nraud thiab siv rau kev siv nws ntau yam haujlwm.
Cov qauv ntawm cov qauv yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia: cell membrane, nucleus, organelles, ntau yam suav nrog. Nws yog surrounded los ntawm ib daim nyias nyias, nyob rau hauv uas lub nucleus thiab tag nrho cov organelles nyob. Cov no yog mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum. Txhua yam khoom muaj nws tus kheej daim nyias nyias.
Role hauv cell life
Cov khoom siv roj ntsha ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem nyob hauv theem pib. Tsuas yog ib lub cell uas nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lub plhaub tiv thaiv tuaj yeem raug hu ua lub cev. Cov txheej txheem xws li cov metabolism kuj tau ua tiav vim muaj cov membrane. Yog tias nws cov qauv kev ncaj ncees tawg lawm, qhov no ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tag nrho.
Cell membrane thiab nws cov haujlwm
Nws cais cov cytoplasm ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes los ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud lossis los ntawm lub plhaub. Lub cell membrane ua kom muaj kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm tes thiab kev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab txhawb nqa qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Nws muaj cov receptors uas tuaj yeem pom cov cim tshuaj lom neeg - cov tshuaj hormones, cov neeg nruab nrab thiab lwm yam khoom siv lom neeg. Cov receptors no muab lwm lub peev xwm - los hloov cov kev ua haujlwm metabolic ntawm tes.
Membrane muaj nuj nqi:
1. Active thauj khoom.
2. Passive hloov ntawm cov tshuaj:
2.1. Diffusion yog qhov yooj yim.
2.2. Hloov los ntawm qhov pores.
2.3. Kev thauj mus los los ntawm kev sib kis ntawm tus neeg nqa khoom nrog rau cov khoom siv los ntawm cov khoom siv los yog los ntawm kev xa cov khoom raws li cov saw hlau molecular ntawm cov cab kuj.
3. Hloov ntawm cov tsis-electrolytes los ntawm kev yooj yim thiab yooj yim diffusion.
4. Active ion thauj.
qauv ntawm cell membrane
Cov khoom ntawm cov cell membrane yog lipids thiab proteins.
Lipids: phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin,phosphatidylinositol thiab phosphatidylserine, glycolipids. Kev faib ua feem ntawm lipids yog 40-90%.
YProteins: peripheral, integral (glycoproteins), spectrin, actin, cytoskeleton.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog ob txheej ntawm phospholipid molecules.
ru tsev membrane: txhais thiab typology
Qee cov txheeb cais. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, daim nyias nyias tau siv los ua cov khoom siv vov tsev tsis ntev dhau los. Qhov sib faib ntawm cov ru tsev membrane los ntawm tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm cov mos ru tsev slabs tsuas yog 1.5%. Bituminous thiab mastic ru tsev tau dhau los ua ntau dua nyob rau hauv Russia. Tab sis nyob rau sab hnub poob teb chaws Europe, daim nyias nyias ru tsev account rau 87%. Qhov txawv yog palpable.
Raws li txoj cai dav dav, daim nyias nyias ua cov khoom tseem ceeb rau lub ru tsev npog yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau lub ru tsev tiaj tus. Rau cov neeg uas muaj kev tsis ncaj ncees loj, nws tsis tsim nyog.
Qhov ntim ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab muag ntawm cov ru tsev membrane hauv kev lag luam hauv tsev muaj qhov kev loj hlob zoo. Vim li cas? Cov laj thawj ntau dua qhov tseeb:
- Lub neej ua haujlwm yog li 60 xyoo. Xav txog, tsuas yog lub sijhawm lav ntawm kev siv, uas yog tsim los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom, ncav cuag 20 xyoo.
- Yooj yim rau nruab. Rau kev sib piv: lub installation ntawm lub ru tsev bituminous yuav siv sij hawm 1.5 lub sij hawm ntau tshaj li lub installation ntawm ib tug membrane pem teb.
- Yooj yim los tswj thiab kho.
Cov tuab ntawm cov vov tsev tuaj yeem yog 0.8-2mm, thiab qhov hnyav nruab nrab ntawm ib square meter yog 1.3kg.
Cov khoom ntawm cov vov tsev:
- elasticity;
- zog;
- tiv thaiv UV rays thiab lwm qhov chaw ua phem;
- frost resistance;
- hluav taws kub.
Cov ntaub thaiv npog yog peb hom. Qhov tshwj xeeb kev faib tawm yog hom khoom siv polymeric uas ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm daim ntaub. Yog li, vov tsev membranes yog:
- EPDM. Membranes teej tug mus rau pawg EPDM yog tsim los ntawm polymerized ethylene-propylene-diene monomer, los yog, ntau yooj yim, hluavtaws roj hmab. Qhov zoo: siab zog, elasticity, dej tsis kam, ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg, tus nqi qis. Qhov tsis zoo: cov cuab yeej nplaum rau kev koom nrog cov canvases los ntawm kev siv cov kab xev tshwj xeeb, tsis muaj zog ntawm cov pob qij txha. Scope ntawm daim ntawv thov: siv los ua cov khoom siv dej tsis zoo rau lub qab nthab, qhov chaw dej, khib nyiab, khoom tsim thiab ntuj tsim, thiab lwm yam.
- PVC daim nyias nyias. Cov no yog cov plhaub, hauv kev tsim cov polyvinyl chloride siv los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb. Qhov zoo: UV tsis kam, hluav taws kub tsis kam, xim ntau yam ntawm daim nyias nyias. Disadvantages: tsawg tsis kam rau cov khoom siv bituminous, roj, cov kuab tshuaj; emits cov khoom tsis zoo rau hauv qhov chaw; cov xim ntawm cov canvas ploj zuj zus mus.
- TPO. Ua los ntawm cov thermoplastic olefins. Lawv tuaj yeem txhawb nqa thiab tsis muaj zog. Thawj yog nruab nrog polyester mesh los yog fiberglass ntaub. Qhov zoo: ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg, durability, siab elasticity, kub tsis kam (raws linyob rau hauv siab thiab tsis tshua muaj kub), welded pob qij txha ntawm seams ntawm nplooj ntawv. Disadvantages: siab nqe qeb, tsis muaj manufacturers nyob rau hauv domestic lag luam.
Profileed membrane: nta, kev ua haujlwm thiab cov txiaj ntsig
Profileed daim nyias nyias yog ib qho kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam. Xws li daim nyias nyias yog siv los ua cov khoom siv dej tsis zoo.
Cov khoom siv hauv kev tsim khoom yog polyethylene. Cov yav tas los muaj ob hom: siab siab polyethylene (LDPE) thiab tsis tshua muaj siab polyethylene (HDPE).
| Indicator | PVD | NPD |
| Tear Strength (MPa) | 13 | 23 |
| Tensile elongation (%) | 400 | 100 |
| Density (kg/m3) | 917-930 | 948-952 |
| Compressive zog (MPa) | 12 | 20-36 |
| Txoj kev cuam tshuam lub zog (KJ / sqm) | - | 2-50 |
| Bending modulus (MPa) | 140-250 | 600-850 |
| Hardness (MPa) | 14-25 | 45-59 |
| Kev ua haujlwm kub (˚C) | from -60 to +80 | from -60 to +80 |
| tus nqi nqus dej txhua hnub (%) | 0,01 | 0,01 |
Lub profiled high-pressure polyethylene membrane muaj qhov tshwj xeeb nto - hollow pob. Qhov siab ntawm cov formations tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm 7 mus rau 20 mm. Sab hauv ntawm daim nyias nyias yog du. Qhov no ua rau tsis muaj teeb meem dabtsi yog khoov ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev.
Hloov cov duab ntawm tus kheej ntu ntawm daim nyias nyias yog cais tawm, txij li lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm nws tag nrho cov cheeb tsam raug faib sib npaug vim muaj tag nrho cov tib yam protrusions. Geomembrane tuaj yeem siv ua qhov cua rwb thaiv tsev. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, dawb pauv cua sov yog guaranteed nyob rau hauv lub tsev.
Qhov zoo ntawm profiled membranes:
- nce zog;
- kub tsis kam;
- tawm tsam ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg;
- lub neej ua haujlwm ntev (tshaj 50 xyoo);
- Yooj yim rau nruab thiab tswj;
- tus nqi pheej yig.
Profileed membranes tuaj nyob rau hauv peb hom:
- nrog ib txheej;
- nrog ob-txheej canvas=geotextile + kua membrane;
- nrog peb-txheej canvas=nplua nto + geotextile + kua membrane.
Ib-txheej profiled membrane yog siv los tiv thaiv lub ntsiab waterproofing, installation thiab dismantling ntawm pob zeb phab ntsa nrog high humidity. Ib qho kev tiv thaiv ob-txheej yog siv thaum txhim kho phab ntsa. Muaj peb txheej, nws yog siv rau ntawm cov av uas qiv nws tus kheej rau Frost heaving, thiab av uas tob.
Kev siv cov kua dej tawm
Cov daim nyias nyias pom nws daim ntawv thov hauv cov hauv qab no:
- Basic foundation waterproofing. Muab kev tiv thaiv txhim khu kev qha tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov dej hauv av, cov hauv paus hauv paus, cov av hauv av, kev puas tsuaj.
- Phab ntsa dej hauv paus. Neutralizes qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov dej hauv av, nag lossis daus los ntawm kev xa lawv mus rau cov kav dej.
- Kab rov tav Reservoir hom Drainage - Deformation Protection Vim muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo.
- Analogue ntawm kev npaj ua vaj tse. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tsim kho kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm cov dej hauv av tsawg, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas kab rov tav waterproofing yog siv los tiv thaiv capillary noo noo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov dej num ntawm daim nyias nyias muaj xws li impermeability ntawm cement laitance rau hauv av.
- Qhov cua ntawm cov av noo ntawm phab ntsa. Nws tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm chav tsev. Hauv thawj kis, huab cua ncig yog qhib, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov thib ob, pom cov av noo thiab qhov kub thiab txias tau ua kom ntseeg tau.
- Used inverted ru tsev.
YSuper diffusion membrane
Superdiffusion membrane yog cov khoom siv tiam tshiab, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov ntsiab lusru tsev qauv los ntawm cua, nag lossis daus.
Kev tsim cov khoom siv tiv thaiv yog raws li kev siv cov ntaub ntawv tsis-woven, zoo ntom fibers. Hauv kev lag luam hauv tsev, peb-txheej thiab plaub-txheej membrane yog nrov. Kev tawm tswv yim los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg siv khoom paub meej tias ntau txheej txheej hauv qab ntawm tus qauv tsim, lub zog tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm, thiab yog li ntawd lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm chav tsev tag nrho ntau dua.
Nyob ntawm hom ru tsev, nws cov qauv tsim, kev nyab xeeb, cov chaw tsim khoom pom zoo muab kev nyiam rau ib lossis lwm hom diffusion membranes. Yog li, lawv muaj nyob rau pitched ru tsev ntawm complex thiab yooj yim lug, rau pitched ru tsev nrog ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus txoj kab nqes, rau folded ru tsev, thiab lwm yam.
Superdiffusion membrane yog nteg ncaj qha rau ntawm thermal rwb thaiv tsev txheej, plank flooring. Tsis tas yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov cua. Cov khoom yog fastened nrog tshwj xeeb brackets los yog steel rau tes. Cov npoo ntawm cov nplooj ntawv diffusion yog txuas nrog mounting daim kab xev. Kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua tiav txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav: thaum sawv ntxov frosty, nrog cua daj cua dub, thiab lwm yam.
Ntxiv rau, cov txheej hauv nqe lus nug tuaj yeem siv los ua lub ru tsev ib ntus.
PVC daim nyias nyias: qhov tseem ceeb thiab lub hom phiaj
PFC daim nyias nyias yog cov khoom siv vov tsev ua los ntawm polyvinyl chloride nrog cov khoom elastic. Xws li cov khoom siv vov tsev niaj hnub uadisplaced bituminous yob analogues, uas muaj ib tug tseem ceeb drawback - qhov yuav tsum tau rau systematic tu thiab kho. Niaj hnub no, cov yam ntxwv ntawm PVC daim nyias nyias ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv tau thaum ua haujlwm kho cov ru tsev qub. Lawv kuj tau siv thaum txhim kho lub ru tsev tshiab.
Lub ru tsev ua los ntawm cov khoom siv no yooj yim siv, thiab nws qhov kev teeb tsa tuaj yeem ua tau ntawm txhua yam ntawm qhov chaw, txhua lub sijhawm ntawm lub xyoo thiab nyob rau hauv txhua qhov huab cua. PVC daim nyias nyias muaj cov khoom nram qab no:
- zog;
- tiv thaiv UV rays, ntau hom nag lossis daus, taw tes thiab qhov chaw thauj khoom.
Nws ua tsaug rau nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas PVC daim nyias nyias yuav ua haujlwm rau koj rau ntau xyoo. Lub neej ntawm lub ru tsev no yog sib npaug rau lub neej ntawm lub tsev nws tus kheej, thaum cov ntaub ntawv vov tsev yuav tsum tau kho tsis tu ncua, thiab qee zaum txawm dismantling thiab txhim kho ib lub tsev tshiab.
Cov nplooj ntawv ua los ntawm PVC yog txuas rau ib leeg los ntawm kev ua pa kub, qhov kub ntawm qhov kub ntawm 400-600 degrees Celsius. Qhov kev sib txuas no raug kaw tag nrho.
Qhov zoo ntawm PVC daim nyias nyias
Lawv qhov txiaj ntsig yog pom tseeb:
- kev hloov pauv ntawm lub ru tsev, uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws nrog kev tsim kho;
- Durable, airtight txuas seam ntawm daim nyias nyias;
- zoo siab hloov siab ntevKev nyab xeeb, huab cua puag, kub, av noo;
- nce vapor permeability, uas ua rau cov evaporation ntawm noo noo nyob rau hauv qab-ru tsev qhov chaw;
- ntau xim xaiv;
- hluav taws-tawm tsam;
- muaj peev xwm tuav cov khoom qub thiab zoo li lub sijhawm ntev;
- PVC daim nyias nyias yog cov khoom siv zoo ib puag ncig, uas tau lees paub los ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj cuam tshuam;
- txheej txheem kev teeb tsa yog tshuab, yog li nws yuav tsis siv sijhawm ntev;
- txoj cai ua haujlwm tso cai rau kev teeb tsa ntawm ntau yam kev tsim vaj tsev ntxiv ncaj qha rau saum PVC membrane ru nws tus kheej;
- ib txheej styling txuag koj nyiaj;
- yooj yim los tswj thiab kho.
Kev lag luam textile tau paub ntev daim ntaub npuag. Nkawm khau thiab khaub ncaws yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv no: rau cov neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus. Membrane - lub hauv paus ntawm daim nyias nyias ntaub, nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nyias polymer zaj duab xis thiab muaj xws li cov yam ntxwv xws li dej tsis kam thiab vapor permeability. Rau kev tsim cov khoom siv no, zaj duab xis no yog npog nrog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv sab nrauv thiab sab hauv. Lawv cov qauv yog txiav txim los ntawm daim nyias nyias. Qhov no yog ua kom khaws tag nrho cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig txawm tias muaj kev puas tsuaj. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov khaub ncaws membrane tsis ntub thaum raug los nag lossis daus, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws zoo kawg nkaus dhau ntawm lub cev mus rau qhov chaw sab nraud. Qhov bandwidth no tso cai rau cov tawv nqaij ua pa.
Txhua yam xav txogQhov saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias cov khaub ncaws caij ntuj no zoo tagnrho yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub zoo li no. Daim nyias nyias ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub, thaum nws tuaj yeem ua tau:
- nrog pores;
- no pores;
- combined.
Membranes nrog ntau micropores muaj Teflon. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov pores tsis txawm ncav cuag qhov ntev ntawm ib tee dej, tab sis yog loj dua ib tug dej molecule, uas qhia tau hais tias dej kuj thiab muaj peev xwm tshem tawm hws.
Membranes uas tsis muaj pores feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm polyurethane. Lawv cov txheej sab hauv tsom rau txhua qhov hws-rog secretions ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab thawb lawv tawm.
Cov qauv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke implies muaj ob txheej: ntxeem tau thiab du. Cov ntaub no muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo thiab yuav kav ntev ntau xyoo.
Ua tsaug rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo no, cov khaub ncaws thiab khau ua los ntawm cov ntaub nyias nyias thiab tsim los hnav rau lub caij ntuj no yog qhov ruaj khov, tab sis lub teeb, thiab zoo kawg nkaus tiv thaiv te, noo noo, thiab plua plav. Lawv tsuas yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb rau ntau hom kev ua si caij ntuj no, nce toj siab.
