Cov ntaub so ntswg yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov hlwb thiab cov khoom sib txuas. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws thiab ua haujlwm zoo ib yam. Muaj plaub hom ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv lub cev: epithelial, nervous, muscular thiab connective.
Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu feem ntau yog vim nws qhov chaw nyob. Cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial yog cov ciam teb ntawm cov cell hauv ob sab hauv lub cev, mucous daim nyias nyias ntawm lub cev thiab kab noj hniav. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau lub qog hauv lub cev yog tsim los ntawm cov epithelium.
yam ntxwv dav dav
Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb ntawm cov epithelium. Lub ntsiab feature yog tias cov ntaub so ntswg nws tus kheej muaj cov tsos ntawm ib tug tas mus li txheej ntawm cell uas haum snugly ua ke.
Lub epithelium nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw hauv lub cev zoo li ib txheej, thaum nyob rau hauv daim siab, pancreas, thyroid, salivary thiab lwm cov qog nws yog ib pawg ntawm cov hlwb. Hauv thawj kis, nws nyobnyob rau hauv qab daus daim nyias nyias uas cais lub epithelium los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg connective. Tab sis muaj kev zam thaum cov qauv ntawm cov epithelial thiab cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas yog suav tias yog nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam. Hauv particular, kev hloov ntawm epithelial thiab connective cov ntaub so ntswg yog pom nyob rau hauv lub lymphatic system. Hom epithelium no hu ua atypical.
High regenerative muaj peev xwm yog lwm yam ntawm epithelium.
Cov hlwb ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg no yog polar, vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov basal thiab apical qhov chaw ntawm lub cell center.
Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial feem ntau yog vim nws txoj haujlwm ciam teb, uas, dhau los, ua rau cov epithelium yog qhov txuas tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem metabolic. Cov ntaub so ntswg no koom nrog kev nqus cov as-ham los ntawm txoj hnyuv mus rau hauv cov ntshav thiab lymph, nyob rau hauv cov zis tawm ntawm lub epithelium ntawm ob lub raum, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog kev tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm kev puas tsuaj. teebmeem.
Cov qauv ntawm cov khoom uas tsim cov hauv qab daus daim nyias nyias qhia tau hais tias nws muaj ib tug ntau ntawm mucopolysaccharides, thiab kuj muaj ib tug network ntawm nyias fibrils.
Cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial pw li cas?
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg feem ntau hais los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws txoj kev loj hlob yog nqa tawm los ntawm tag nrho peb txheej kab mob. Qhov no feature yog tshwj xeeb rau hom ntaub. Lub ectoderm ua rau lub epithelium ntawm daim tawv nqaij, qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm txoj hlab pas, thiab lub cornea ntawm lub qhov muag; endoderm - lub epithelium ntawm lub plab zom mov; thiab mesoderm- lub epithelium ntawm lub genitourinary kab mob thiab serous membranes.
Nyob rau hauv embryonic kev loj hlob pib tsim nyob rau theem ntxov tshaj plaws. Txij li thaum lub placenta muaj ib tug txaus npaum li cas ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial, nws yog ib tug koom nyob rau hauv lub metabolism ntawm leej niam thiab fetus.
Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov hlwb epithelial
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlwb nyob sib ze hauv txheej yog ua tau vim muaj cov desmosomes. Cov no yog tshwj xeeb ntau yam qauv ntawm submicroscopic loj, uas muaj ob halves. Txhua ntawm lawv, thickening nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw, occupies nyob ib sab ntawm lub hlwb nyob sib ze. Nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv ntawm ib nrab ntawm cov desmosomes yog ib yam khoom ntawm carbohydrate keeb kwm.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas qhov chaw intercellular dav, desmosomes nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm cytoplasmic bulges qhia rau ib leeg ntawm kev sib cuag cov hlwb. Yog tias koj saib ntawm ob khub ntawm cov pob no nyob rau hauv lub tshuab tsom, koj tuaj yeem pom tias lawv zoo li tus choj intercellular.
Nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv me, kev ncaj ncees ntawm txheej yog tswj los ntawm fusion ntawm cov cell membranes ntawm cov hlwb nyob sib ze ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cuag. Tej chaw no feem ntau hu ua daim phiaj kawg.
Muaj lwm qhov xwm txheej uas tsis muaj cov qauv tshwj xeeb los ua kom muaj kev ncaj ncees. Tom qab ntawd qhov kev sib cuag ntawm cov hlwb nyob sib ze yog nqa tawm vim kev sib cuag ntawm txawm lossis sinuous ntawm cov hlwb. Cov npoo ntawm cov hlwb tuaj yeem ua cov nplais sib tshooj.
qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial
Qhov peculiarities ntawm epithelial cov ntaub so ntswg muaj xws li muaj cov plasmaticplhaub.
Nyob rau hauv cov hlwb koom nrog kev tso tawm cov khoom lag luam metabolic, folding yog pom nyob rau hauv cov plasma membrane ntawm lub basal ib feem ntawm lub cev ntawm tes.
Epitheliocytes - qhov no yog lub npe hauv kev tshawb fawb rau cov hlwb uas tsim cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlwb epithelial yog qhov cuam tshuam zoo. Yog li, raws li lawv cov duab, lawv muab faib ua tiaj, cubic thiab columnar. Euchromatin predominates nyob rau hauv lub nucleus, vim nws muaj lub teeb xim. Lub nucleus yog loj heev, nws cov duab coincides nrog lub cell.
Cov lus hais polarity txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus, saum toj no nws yog mitochondria, Golgi complex thiab centrioles. Hauv cov hlwb uas ua haujlwm zais cia, endoplasmic reticulum thiab Golgi complex tau tsim tshwj xeeb. Lub epithelium, muaj ib tug loj mechanical load, nyob rau hauv nws cov hlwb muaj ib tug system ntawm tshwj xeeb threads - tonofibrils, uas tsim ib tug zoo barrier tsim los tiv thaiv hlwb los ntawm deformation.
YMicrovilli
Qee lub hlwb, lossis zoo li lawv cov cytoplasm, ntawm qhov chaw tuaj yeem tsim qhov tsawg tshaj plaws, qhia tawm sab nraud - microvilli. Lawv loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub apical nto ntawm lub epithelium nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv me thiab lub ntsiab seem ntawm convoluted tubules ntawm lub raum. Vim yog qhov sib luag ntawm microvilli nyob rau hauv lub cuticles ntawm txoj hnyuv epithelium thiab txhuam ciam teb ntawm ob lub raum, strips yog tsim uas yuav pom nyob rau hauv ib tug optical microscope. Tsis tas li ntawd, microvilli hauv cov chaw no muaj ntau cov enzymes.
Kev faib tawm
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial ntawm qhov chaw sib txawvtso cai rau lawv muab faib ua ntau yam.
Nyob ntawm cov duab ntawm lub hlwb, lub epithelium tuaj yeem ua cylindrical, cubic thiab ca, thiab nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov hlwb - ib txheej thiab ntau txheej.
Tseem tso zis glandular epithelium, uas ua haujlwm secretory hauv lub cev.
ib txheej txheej epithelium
Lub npe ntawm ib txheej txheej epithelium hais rau nws tus kheej: nyob rau hauv nws tag nrho cov hlwb nyob rau hauv qab daus daim nyias nyias nyob rau hauv ib txheej. Yog hais tias, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov duab ntawm tag nrho cov hlwb yog tib yam (piv txwv li, lawv yog isomorphic), thiab lub nuclei ntawm lub hlwb nyob rau tib theem, ces lawv hais txog ib tug kab ntawm epithelium. Thiab yog tias nyob rau hauv ib txheej txheej epithelium muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlwb ntawm ntau yam duab, lawv cov nuclei nyob ntawm ntau theem, ces qhov no yog ntau kab lossis anisomorphic epithelium.
Squamous epithelium
Nyob rau hauv stratified epithelium, tsuas yog cov qis qis yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog rau hauv qab daus daim nyias nyias, thaum lwm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg saum nws. Cells ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm cov duab. Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm ntau hom stratified epithelium nyob ntawm cov duab thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm cov hlwb ntawm txheej txheej: stratified squamous, stratified keratinized (muaj keratinized nplai ntawm qhov chaw), stratified non- keratinized.
Muaj kuj yog qhov hu ua transitional epithelium,tshem tawm cov kab mob ntawm lub excretory system. Nyob ntawm seb lub cev puas tau cog lus lossis ncab, cov ntaub so ntswg yuav siv sij hawm sib txawv. Yog li, thaum lub zais zis yog stretched, lub epithelium yog nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias lub xeev thiab tsim ob txheej ntawm cell - basal thiab integumentary. Thiab thaum lub zais zis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv compressed (txo) cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial thickens sharply, lub hlwb ntawm lub basal txheej ua polymorphic thiab lawv cov nuclei nyob rau hauv ntau theem. Integumentary hlwb ua pear-puab thiab txheej saum toj ntawm ib leeg.
Histogenetic kev faib tawm ntawm epithelia
Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg feem ntau dhau los ua kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kho mob. Hauv cov xwm txheej no, kev faib tawm histogenetic tsim los ntawm Academician N. G. Khlopin yog siv ntau dua li lwm tus. Raws li nws, muaj tsib hom epithelium. Cov txheej txheem yog los ntawm cov rudiments cov ntaub so ntswg tsim nyob rau hauv embryogenesis.
1. Epidermal hom, originating los ntawm ectoderm thiab prechordal phaj.
2. Enterodermal hom, kev loj hlob ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm txoj hnyuv endoderm.
3. Coelonephroderm hom tsim los ntawm coelomic hauv ob sab phlu thiab nephrotome.
4. Angiodermal hom, kev loj hlob ntawm uas pib los ntawm ib feem ntawm mesenchyme uas tsim cov vascular endothelium, uas yog hu ua angioblast.
5. Hom Ependymoglial, lub hauv paus chiv keeb uas tau muab los ntawm lub raj neural.
Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial uas tsim cov qog
Glandular epithelium ua lub luag haujlwm zais cia. Hom ntaub so ntswg no yog ib qho kev sauglandular (secretory) hlwb hu ua granulocytes. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog los ua kom tiav cov synthesis, nrog rau kev tso tawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb - secrets.
Nws yog ua tsaug rau kev zais cia uas lub cev muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau yam tseem ceeb. Cov qog ua kua secretions rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab mucous daim nyias nyias, nyob rau hauv cov kab noj hniav ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev, nrog rau cov ntshav thiab lymph. Hauv thawj kis, peb tab tom tham txog exocrine, thiab hauv qhov thib ob - hais txog endocrine secretion.
Exocrine secretion tso cai rau kev tsim cov mis nyuj (hauv poj niam lub cev), kua txiv plab thiab plab hnyuv, qaub ncaug, kua tsib, hws thiab sebum. Cov secrets ntawm cov qog endocrine yog cov tshuaj hormones uas ua kom muaj kev lom zem hauv lub cev.
Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg epithelial no yuav txawv vim qhov tseeb tias granulocytes tuaj yeem ua rau cov duab sib txawv. Nws nyob ntawm theem ntawm secretion.
Ob hom qog (endocrine thiab exocrine) tuaj yeem muaj tib lub cell (unicellular) lossis ntau lub hlwb (multicellular).
