Kev siv cov lus hauv kev hais lus zam tautologies thiab hloov cov npe kom raug. Nws yog pronouns uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm txhua nqe lus, txij li thaum lawv hloov lub npe ntawm ob qho tib si animate thiab inanimate khoom (nominative case). Raws li cov lus hais hauv lus Askiv, lawv muaj ntau txoj haujlwm uas yuav tsum tau xav txog.
Case ntawm tus kheej pronoun hauv lus Askiv
Hauv lus Askiv, tsuas muaj ob hom npe ntawm tus kheej nkaus xwb - subjective (nominative) thiab hom phiaj (objective). Lawv muaj ntau qhov sib txawv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus. Thawj teb cov lus nug: leej twg?, dab tsi? Thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kheej pronouns nyob rau hauv lus Askiv yuav teb cov lus nug ntawm indirect kis ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, namely: leej twg? rau leej twg? los ntawm leej twg? txog leej twg? Qhov no ua rau kev kawm lus Askiv yooj yim dua li Lavxias.
Nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ob hom lus,kom muaj peev xwm siv lawv kom raug hauv kab lus. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tsum xav txog lawv hauv kev sib piv.
Object case
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm lub rooj, txhua yam lus hais hauv lus Askiv yog hais txog daim ntawv ntawm cov ncauj lus. Tus pronoun kuv [mi:] yog hais txog thawj tus neeg lus thiab txhais tau tias: kuv, kuv, kuv, txog kuv. Piv txwv li, qhia kuv - qhia kuv. Hauv plural, lub npe peb [wi:] hloov rau peb [ʌs] - peb, peb, peb. Piv txwv li, hauv kab lus: Cia peb los hauv - cia peb nkag mus.
Tus neeg thib ob npe koj [ju:] hloov tsis tau - koj, koj, thiab tau txais lwm lub ntsiab lus: koj, koj, koj, koj, koj, koj. Piv txwv li, kuv yuav hu rau koj tom qab - Kuv yuav hu rau koj tom qab.
Hais lus thib peb, koj yuav tsum siv: nws [nws] - nws, nws, lawv; nws [hɜ:] - nws, nws, nws; nws [nws] - nws, nws, nws, nws, nws, lawv, nws. Piv txwv li, kuv nrog nws - Kuv nrog nws; nws hlub nws - nws hlub nws; koj muaj xim, siv nws - koj muaj xim, siv nws. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias lub possessive pronoun nws [hɜ:] - nws, kiag li converges nrog cov khoom pronoun, yog li koj yuav tsum tau ceev faj txog nws siv nyob rau hauv kev hais lus. Lub pronoun lawv [ð] tsis hloov hauv kev hais lus lossis kev sau ntawv: Cia nrog lawv - cia nrog lawv mus.
Place of object pronouns in a kab lus
Tsuas yog muaj kev paub tus kheej cov lus nyob rau hauv rooj plaub nominative, koj tuaj yeem pib ua kom paub koj tus kheej nrog cov khoom ntawm cov lus. Hauv lus Askiv, lawv siv cov kab lusmuaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis, thiab nws tsis yog ib txwm paub meej tias yuav txhais cov kab lus li cas nrog cov lus zoo li no. Yog vim li cas koj thiaj yuav tsum paub meej lawv qhov chaw hauv kab lus.
Tsis zoo li thawj pab pawg, cov lus thib ob tsis ua raws li cov ntsiab lus, tab sis yog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov lus qhia. Yog li ntawd, lawv feem ntau tuaj tom qab cov lus qhia: lawv tsis xav paub peb - lawv tsis xav paub peb. Tab sis muaj cov xwm txheej thaum cov lus hais ua piv txwv, piv txwv li: Nws yog kuv.
Ntau zaus lawv tshwm hauv cov lus nug: Koj puas tuaj yeem pab kuv? - Koj puas tuaj yeem pab kuv? Kev sib piv kuj siv cov lus hais, piv txwv li: Kuv tus tij laug laus dua kuv.
Ntau cov lus hais hauv ib kab lus tsis yog ib qho lus Askiv. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov kev nthuav qhia ntau dua: nws hais kom kuv coj nws nrog peb - nws hais kom kuv coj nws nrog peb.
Muaj cov lus qhia uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li preposition nrog ib qho khoom. Cov lus qhia xws li: pom zoo, saib, mloog, tos, thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li, koj puas yuav mloog kuv? – Koj puas yuav mloog kuv? Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, prepositions yog siv ua ntej pronouns: at, with, to, for, of, etc.
Cov vis dis aus hauv qab no yuav pab koj nkag siab zoo txog kev siv qee qhov prepositions ua ntej cov npe khoom. Cov uas nyuam qhuav pib kawm lus Askiv yuav tsum tsom rau lawv cov lus.
Kev tawm dag zog
Kev siv cov lus yuav tsum tau kawm ntawm qib tsis siv neeg. Rau qhov noKoj yuav tsum tau xyaum koj cov kev txawj ntse nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kev tawm dag zog sib txawv. Koj yuav tsum pib nrog cov kev tawm dag zog yooj yim rau kev xyaum cov lus hais ua lus Askiv.
Exercise 1. Hloov cov npe no nrog cov lus hauv cov khoom siv.
Niam, rooj, Sam, phau ntawv, miv, tub, menyuam, paj, daus, phooj ywg, kuv thiab kuv txiv.
Kev ua 2. Sau qhov khoob nrog cov lus nyob rau hauv rooj plaub lub hom phiaj.
- Vim li cas koj saib daim ntawv tshaj tawm? Koj puas nyiam _?
- Tus ntxhais hu nkauj. Thov, mloog _!
- Dan nug koj hnub twg? Koj puas mus nrog _?
- Cov neeg zej zog muaj kev lom zem. Mus qhia _ rau lub suab seev.
- Peb mus noj mov rau hnub Saturday. Koj puas mus nrog _?
- Kuv npau taws heev! Mloog _!
- Koj chim. Kuv tsis mus qhov twg nrog _!
Kev ua 3. Sau rau hauv qhov khoob nrog cov lus hais.
Yuav kom paub meej cov cai siv tus kheej pronouns hauv lus Askiv, koj yuav tsum xyaum ua tib yam hauv kev tawm dag zog. Piv txwv li:
Qhov raug thiab tsim nyog siv cov lus ntawm tus kheej hauv kev hais lus qhia nws cov qib siab, vim lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv nyuaj xws li: cov khoom nyuaj thiab cov ntsiab lus nyuaj.
Pib kawm cov lus, koj yuav tsum tam sim muab txhua yam hais txog cov lus hais ua lus Askiv "ntawm lub txee". Hauv qhov no, kev nrhiav tau lus ntxiv yuav ua mus yam tsis muajnyuaj heev.
