Qee qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm hu ua New and Modern times. Thaum twg cov sij hawm no pib? Lub sijhawm no nrhiav tau dab tsi?
Pib Lub Sijhawm Tshiab
Lub sijhawm tshiab yog lub sijhawm uas tib neeg tau nce mus rau theem tshiab hauv kev txhim kho nws lub peev xwm. Tab sis thaum twg yog qhov no tshwm sim?
Feem ntau, lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab keeb kwm niaj hnub no hu ua lub sijhawm tshiab. Ib txhia hais tias lub countdown rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 17th, thaum lub English Revolution pib nyob rau hauv 1640. Tab sis kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua tiav thiab kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog pib thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 15th, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xav txog qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab lossis lub sijhawm tam sim no thaum ntxov.
Txawm tias thaum kawg ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab, qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb thiab kev tsim kho tau tsim. Xyoo 1440, Johannes Gutenberg tau tsim lub tshuab luam ntawv, thiab cov phau ntawv maj mam tsim tsis tau tsuas yog ntawm kev ntseeg, tab sis kuj yog cov ncauj lus tshawb fawb thiab kev lom zem. Nyob rau hauv 1492, Christopher Columbus nrhiav tau America, European colonization pib.
Txoj kev hloov pauv kev xav thiab tig mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm tib neeg. England tab tom txav deb ntawm lub primacy ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic, tab tom tshwm simReform zog thiab kev tawm tsam. Kev tshawb fawb pib tsim, thawj cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb tau tsim: Royal Society, Fabkis Royal Army of Sciences. Inventions ntawm lub sij hawm tshiab txij li thaum lub XVI: mechanical calculator, lub tshuab nqus tsev twj, barometer, pendulum moos. Galileo Galilei tsim lub koob yees duab, Descartes tsim qhov kev sib koom tes. Muaj ib lub tshuab tsom iav, tsom iav thiab iav tsom iav.
Inventions of the Modern Age from the 18th century
Puas yog thaum xaus xyoo 17th, cov bourgeoisie tau yug los. Lub Industrial Revolution muab impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm capitalism thiab industrial society.
Kev tshawb pom thiab kev tsim kho ntawm lub sijhawm niaj hnub no qee zaum ua los ntawm kev sib tsoo. Yog li, John Watt tau tuaj xyuas los ntawm kev xav ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob thaum nws ntsia lub hau bouncing ntawm lub boiling boiling. Thomas Newkman tau tsim thawj lub tshuab hluav taws xob reciprocating hauv xyoo 1712.
G. Amonton tau tsim lub ntsuas cua kub hauv xyoo 1703, ua raws li tus ntsuas dej cawv los ntawm René Réaumur (1710). John Hendley thiab Thomas Godfrey tsim tus sextant (1730).
Kev thov rau kev tsim cov ntaub, ua rau kev tsim cov tshuab xaws thiab tshuab xaws. Thawj lub tshuab xaws tau patented hauv 1790 los ntawm Thomas Saint. Lub tshuab spinning tau tsim los ntawm James Hargreaves (1764). Xyoo 1893, Whitecomb Judson tau tsim lub zipper.
Ntau qhov kev tsim kho niaj hnub no tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua XIX. Xyoo 1818, txoj cai ntawm photochemistry tau tshawb pom, thiab xyoo 1839, N. Niepce thiab L. Dagger tau tsim kev yees duab. Xyoo 1769, Fab Kis Fab Kis Cugno tau tsim lub laub rau ntawm lub cav, thiab xyoo 1886 G. Daimler thiab. K. Benz tsim thawj lub tsheb uas siv roj av.
A. S. Popov invents a radio receiver in 1895, Nikola Tesla in 1893-1895 tsim lub xov tooj cua transmitter, thiab tom qab ntawd lub xov tooj cua receiver.
Qhov kev tsim khoom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Hnub Nyoog Tshiab yog Thomas Edison lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab kev tshawb pom hluav taws xob, qhov no yog qhov tsim ntawm X-rays los ntawm Ivan Puluy thiab Roentgen tib lub sijhawm. Thomas Watson xyoo 1876 tau los ua tus sau xov tooj, ua ntej nws muaj lub suab nrov "hais lus xov tooj", tsim los ntawm Alexander Bell.
Lwm yam kev tsim khoom niaj hnub no: parachute, steamboat, piano, tuning fork, balloon. Nyob rau hauv lub 18th-19th centuries, lub kaleidoscope, stereoscope, arc vuam, chav locomotive, sib dua thiab ntais ntawv kuj tau invented (thiab lub sib zog ua ntej lawm).
Modern Inventions
Lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no pib nws suav txij li xyoo 20th, uas yog los ntawm 1918. Lub sijhawm ntawd, kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis tau ua ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb rau pem hauv ntej. Thawj lub tsheb nrog cav tau tsim, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kov yeej qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov yooj yim. Ntau lub tshuab tau txhim kho, thiab tib neeg tau hlawv hluav taws xob nrog lub zog thiab lub ntsiab.
Lub sijhawm tau los rau kev txhim kho ntawm natural sciences. Chemistry thiab physics tseem ceeb heev. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, K. Lansteiner tau tshawb pom cov ntshav thawj zaug, Freud tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev xav ntawm psychoanalysis, thiab P. Ehrlich nrhiav tau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev kho mob. A. Fleming nrhiav pom penicillin hauv xyoo 1929, yog thawj hom tshuaj tua kab mob hauv ntiaj teb.
Kev tsov rog thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov xeev ua rau muaj kev tshawb fawb txog physics thiab nuclearzog. Xyoo 1905 A. Einstein pom txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo, N. Bohr ua haujlwm ntawm quantum theory of atoms. Lawv nrhiav pom lub atomic nucleus (E. Rutherford, 1911), hluav taws xob hluav taws xob (F. thiab I. Joliot-Curie, 1934), thawj zaug faib cov nucleus ntawm uranium (O. Hahn, F. Stassman, 1938).
Sab nraum qhov chaw tab tom kawm thiab kev tshawb pom tshiab tau ua hauv astronomy. Lawv nrhiav pom cosmic rays (W. Hess, 1911-1913), Hubble txoj cai hais txog kev nthuav dav ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb (E. Hubble, 1929). Paub txog cosmic xov tooj cua emission (K. Jansky, 1931).
Zoo inventions thiab discoveries ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th
Qhov kev tshawb pom thiab kev tsim kho ntawm lub sijhawm niaj hnub no yog qhov zoo dua rau yav dhau los. Thaum Tsov Rog Txias, Asmeskas thiab USSR tau sib tw ob qho tib si hauv kev tsim riam phom nuclear thiab hauv kev tshawb nrhiav chaw. Thawj qhov kev txhim kho ntawm foob pob hluav taws, chaw nres tsheb thiab nkoj tau tshwm sim. Lub Soviet Union tau tshaj tawm thawj lub xov tooj cua ntawm lub ntiaj teb, ua thawj kauj ruam ntawm kev mus rau lub hli - chaw nres tsheb thiab lunar rovers tau tso rau saum npoo ntawm lub satellite.
Xyoo 1961, Yuri Gagarin dhau los ua thawj tus txiv neej taug kev mus rau qhov chaw. Xyoo 1969, Asmeskas Neil Armstrong tsaws saum lub hli.
Nws yuav tsis pom Armstrong taug kev ntawm lub hli yog tias TV tsis tau tsim nyob rau tib lub xyoo pua. Kev koom tes rau kev txhim kho ntawm qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm thev naus laus zis no tau tsim los ntawm Vladimir Zworykin, Philo Farnsworth thiab lwm tus.
Xyoo 1946, thawj lub khoos phis tawj ENIAC tau tsim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas, cov khoom tsim ua ntej zoo li lub tshuab xam zauv. Inventor ntawm thawj tus qauvcomputer ntseeg tias yog Charles Babbage.
Cov khoom tsim tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm niaj hnub no kuj yog J. I. Cousteau's scuba gear (1943), AM Cheremukhin lub nyoob hoom qav taub (1930), V. P. atomic foob pob (1945), lub npe ntawm tus tsim uas khaws cia hauv kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws.
Zoo kawg
Lub sijhawm tshiab thiab niaj hnub nim no hauv keeb kwm, ntau qhov kev tshawb pom zoo thiab tsim nyog tau tsim. Peb tseem siv ntau yam tam sim no.
