Allyl cawv tseem hu ua propen-2-ol-1. Hais txog cov dej cawv monohydric yooj yim, yog cov kua ntshiab uas muaj qhov kub siab heev. Nws tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog dej thiab cov kuab tshuaj organic. Siv los tsim glycerin, allyl ethers thiab lwm yam.
Cov yam ntxwv luv luv ntawm cawv
Cawv yog cov khoom uas muaj hydrocarbons hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, nrog rau pawg hydroxo (-OH), uas txiav txim siab lawv chav kawm, ib lossis ntau dua. Cov pab pawg hydroxyl yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau.
Cawv muab faib ua monohydric (ib pawg -OH), polyhydric (2-3 -OH pawg). Lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov dej cawv thawj (ib pawg hydroxyl txuas nrog cov pa roj carbon atom sib koom ua ke rau ib qho hydrocarbon), theem nrab (hydroxyl pawg txuas nrog cov pa roj carbon sib txuas rau ob lub hydrocarbons), tertiary (nrog cov pa roj carbon sib txuas rau peb cov hydrocarbons feem).
Cawv yog siv los ua lwm yam tshuaj. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv perfumery thiab tshuaj, nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, ua kuab tshuaj thiab lubricants.
Cawv uas tsis muaj ntau tshaj kaum ib hydrocarbons yog kua, thiab nrog ntau npaum li cas lawv twb solids. Cawv muaj qhov ntom ntom tsawg dua kev sib sau, yog li lawv sib zog dua dej. Lawv kuj muaj qhov kub kub thiab melting point vim hydrogen bonds.
Peb yuav txiav txim siab ib qho ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm no - allyl cawv, uas tseem ceeb heev hauv kev lag luam thiab kev tsim khoom.
qauv qauv
Raws li tau hais los saum no, propen-2-ol-1 yog hais txog cov dej cawv monohydric yooj yim. Cov qauv qauv ntawm allyl cawv yog qhia hauv qab no.
Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias lub teeb ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm unsaturated (unsaturated alcohols). Nws yog cov kua uas tsis muaj xim uas muaj cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab tsw, kub taw tes 96.9 ° C, MPC=2mg / m3.
Tau txais
Hauv kev tsim cov cawv allyl, ib txoj hauv kev siv ntau tshaj plaws yog hydrolysis ntawm allyl chloride.
Cov lus teb tau sau raws li hauv qab no:
CH2=CH-CH2-Cl +NaOH=CH2=CH-CH2-OH
Hauv chav kuaj, allyl chloride yog saponified nrog ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj aqueous ntawm calcium hydroxide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho autoclave nrog stirrer ntawm qhov kub ntawm tsawg kawg yog 150 ° C. Hauv kev lag luam, 10% caustic soda yog siv los ntawm qee qhov siab thiab qhov kub thiab txias. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob nws yog ua tau los tsim ib tug txaus loj tawm los, uas yog90-95%.
Tau txais allyl cawv yog ua tau los ntawm cov qauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm propanol dehydrogenation, propylene oxide isomerization thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm glycerol thiab formic acid.
Kev sib txuas ntawm cov cawv no yog ua los ntawm kev dhau cov vapors ntawm propylene oxide hla cov catalyst, uas yog lithium phosphate.
Properties
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm allyl cawv yog vim muaj kev cuam tshuam cov yam ntxwv ntawm allyl compounds thiab cawv. Cov cawv no tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv halogenation thiab hydrohalogenation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li Markovnikov txoj cai.
Allyl cawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov qauv kev cuam tshuam rau alkenes. Hydrogenation tshwm sim nrog kev tawg ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus thiab saturation ntawm cov hydrocarbons. Dej tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen, thiab yog li ntawd, glycerol yog tsim.
Lwm qhov kev xav tau nthuav tawm yog qhov dej tsis sib haum xeeb, thaum lub sijhawm cov ethers uas pom hauv daim duab tau tsim.
Allyl cawv feem ntau yog oxidized rau aldehydes los ntawm freshly precipitated manganese hydroxide.
A thaum hnov mob nrog sulfuric acid (ntse) rhuab mus rau qhov kub ntawm 100 ° C, los yog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm zinc chloride ntawm qhov kub ntawm 20 ° C, allyl chloride yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tooj liab chloride.
Allyl chloride yog ib qho organochlorine compound nrog lub npe systematic 3-chloropropene. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm allyl compounds.
Allyl cawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm polymerization thaum raug oxygen lossislwm yam oxidants. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm polymerization, ib yam khoom xws li polyallyl cawv yog tsim.
Tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog allyl cawv yog siv kom tau cov tshuaj xws li glycerol, glycidol. Aloerin yog tau los ntawm oxidation yooj yim, thiab allyl esters yog tau los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog ntxhia thiab organic acids.
Cov Lus Qhia
Yog li, peb xam pom tias allyl cawv yog thawj cov cawv uas tsis muaj kuab lom, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov cim ntawm cov cawv thiab cov tshuaj allyl. Nws yog active heev, soluble nyob rau hauv cov organic teeb meem thiab miscible nrog dej nyob rau hauv tej proportions. Nws yog siv rau hauv kev lag luam thiab chaw kuaj mob, thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cawv.
Alyl cawv yog tshuaj lom thiab lom heev. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau kub hnyiab ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab hlawv cov kab mob ua pa sab saud, cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb thiab daim siab. Ceev faj thaum siv hauv chav kuaj, ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb thiab tsis txhob tso tseg koj tus kheej cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv.
