Pab pawg ntawm angiosperms tsim ntau dua 125 lab xyoo dhau los. Thiab tseem muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb (era) ntawm lawv qhov tshwm sim. Qee tus hu lub sijhawm Cretaceous, lwm tus hais txog hnub dhau los, thiab lwm tus paub tseeb tias tom qab.
Ib yam tseem ceeb uas tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg: pawg no ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau ua txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab tau nyob hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb, los ntawm cov hav zoov kub thiab sov mus rau cov suab puam kub thiab dej khov ntawm Africa thiab Arctic.
Lawv yog dab tsi, angiosperms? Piv txwv, cov yam ntxwv thiab cov khoom ntawm taxon, kev faib tawm yuav raug txiav txim siab hauv qab no.
Angiosperms: general yam ntxwv
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg no tau txais lawv lub npe rau lub peev xwm los npog cov noob nrog cov ntaub mos muag lossis tawv tawv ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Tom qab tag nrho, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub paj, uas yog mus xyuas daim ntawv ntawm taxon, feem ntau ntau haiv neeg cov qauv nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab loj, xim thiab khoom noj khoom haus tus nqi yog tsim. Lawv hu ua txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
tsob ntoo nws tus kheej yog cov tua uas nkag mus rau hauv av nrog cov hauv paus system thiab muaj paj, qia thiab nplooj. Ib lub cev xeeb tub uas muaj cov qauv tshwj xeeb thiab tso caihloov mus rau txhua qhov chaw nyob thiab kov yeej thaj chaw tshiab rau kev sib hais haum - qhov no yog paj.
Ib qho kev txhim kho ntxiv, cov yam ntxwv thiab kev hloov pauv uas tau tshwm sim hauv kev hloov pauv tau ua rau nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm gymnosperms, bryophytes thiab ferns. Niaj hnub no, cov nroj tsuag ntawm peb ntiaj chaw yog dominated los ntawm zoo nkauj, kaj, muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub neej cov ntaub ntawv angiosperms. Piv txwv ntawm lawv tuaj yeem muab rau lub sijhawm ntev heev, vim tias muaj ntau dua 13 txhiab tus yug ib leeg ntawm no. Luv luv, peb tuaj yeem hais qhov no: tag nrho cov nroj tsuag uas muaj paj yog angiosperms.
dav dav hauv pem teb
Lub cev tseem ceeb uas txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg no muaj yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov nroj tsuag siab dua: hauv paus, qia, nplooj. Ib qho qauv ntxiv uas muab lub sijhawm rau angiosperms kom tsis txhob nyob ntawm dej rau cov txheej txheem luam tawm yog lub paj.
Parts of a paj: stipules, receptacle, peduncle, corolla of petals, ovary, pistil, stigma, stamens. Tag nrho cov qauv no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub cev, nrog rau cov uas tau hloov mus rau hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas tiv thaiv cov noob kom txog rau thaum puv puv.
Tib neeg txaus siab rau cov paj ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau lawv qhov kev zoo nkauj txawv tshaj plaw thiab rhiab, qab ntxiag aroma. Lawv cov khoom kho tau siv, muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo, cog kom tau cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj kua thiab qab qab rau yav tom ntej.
Rau cov nroj tsuag lawv tus kheej, lub paj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev uas cawm lawv ntawm dej dependence thaum lub sij hawmlub sij hawm yug me nyuam, vim tam sim no nws yog ua tiav nrog kev pab los ntawm ob fertilization. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo muab kev tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv cov noob, thiab kuj koom rau hauv lawv cov dispersal thaum noj los ntawm cov tsiaj, qhov no kuj yog ib tug loj ntxiv uas distinguishes tus qauv ntawm angiosperms los ntawm lwm yam nroj tsuag.
Cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov paj, ntau yam ntawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv tso cai rau koj los ua kom cov txheej txheem ntawm pollination, uas kuj pab txhawb rau kev nthuav dav thiab hloov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag.
Qhov txawv ntawm
Tau kawg, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab txhim khu kev qha innovation rau paj paj yog tsim ntawm paj. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis tsuas yog qhov no, tab sis kuj tseem muaj lwm cov cim qhia ntawm angiosperms txaus siab qhia thiab paub meej tias lawv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Xws li:
- Qhov muaj qhov ua tau zoo dua qub, suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab phloem. Qhov no tso cai rau koj kom thauj tau cov khoom tsim nyog thiab dej sai dua, nrog rau kev txhawb nqa cov khoom organic mus rau qhov xav tau ntawm cov nroj tsuag txhawm rau khaws cia lawv ntxiv.
- Tiv thaiv cov qauv ntawm cov noob los ntawm pericarp, feem ntau cov nqaij tuab ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
- Ntau yam ntawm pollination txoj kev (cua, kab, tsiaj, noog, self-pollination, cross-pollination thiab lwm yam).
- Cov kab mob qog nqaij hlav (gametophytes) tuaj yeem txhim kho sai thiab yooj yim, nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv txhim khu kev qha ntawm cov nroj tsuag sporophyte nws tus kheej.
- Biochemical muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Ntau tus neeg sawv cev muaj cov tshuaj lom, alkaloids, flavonoids, phytoncides, thiab lwm yam, uas tiv thaiv tsiaj los ntawm kev noj lawv thiab tsis pub lwm tus los cuam tshuam lawv txoj kev loj hlob.nroj tsuag.
- Cov qauv ntawm angiosperms txhais tau tias lawv muaj nyob hauv ntau hom kev ua neej - ntoo, tsob ntoo, tsob ntoo, tsob ntoo ib nrab, tshuaj ntsuab, lianas.
Cov yam ntxwv zoo li no ua rau cov nroj tsuag no nrov heev, tawv tawv, yoog raws thiab dav. Thiab tseem tsim nyog thiab tseem ceeb rau tus neeg thiab nws txoj haujlwm kev lag luam.
Kev faib tawm
Muaj ntau dua 250 txhiab hom kab mob angiosperms, koom ua ke hauv 13 txhiab genera los ntawm 350 tsev neeg. Lub taxonomy muaj ntau heev ntawm cov se thiab cov neeg sawv cev.
Kev faib tawm yog ua raws li cov chav kawm ntawm angiosperms, uas muaj ob:
- monocot nroj tsuag;
- bipartite.
Txhua chav kawm yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau tsev neeg, suav nrog ntau hom kev ua neej thiab muaj nyob hauv txhua thaj chaw.
Class Dicotyledons
suav nrog angiosperms, piv txwv ntawm yuav luag txhua tus muaj nyob hauv tsev hauv daim ntawv paj ntoo. Cov no yog violets, begonias, spathiphyllums, ficuses. Ntawm cov nroj tsuag vaj, tag nrho Rosaceae thiab Solanaceae, Cruciferous thiab Npauj Npaim, Compositae - sawv hips, txiv lws suav, cucumbers, qos yaj ywm, zaub qhwv, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, eggplant, buckwheat thiab ntau lwm tus. Ntawm cov ntawv ntoo kuj muaj cov paj ntoo, piv txwv li ntoo qhib, tshauv, maple, linden, birch, thiab lwm yam. Cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam, qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv tseem ceeb: paj rwb, flax, jute, hevea, cinnamon, hemp, laurel thiab ntau lwm yam.
Tag nrho Dicotyledons muaj ntau tshaj 170 txhiab hom, uas yog kwv yees li 75% ntawm tag nrho cov paj ntoo. Lawv kev faib tawm suav nrog 360 tsev neeg, koom ua ke hauv 60 xaj ntawm 7 subclasses.
Distinguishing Dicots
muaj ob peb lub ntsiab.
- Muaj ob lub cotyledons (halves) hauv cov noob. Qhov no tuaj yeem pom tau zoo tshwj xeeb hauv cov piv txwv ntawm cov noob ntawm legumes. Muaj kev zam nrog ib lossis 3-4 cotyledons.
- Hom hauv paus system: pas nrig. Yuav luag tag nrho cov paj ntoo no muaj nws. Piv txwv li qhov no yooj yim ua raws li: peppers, hemp, nettles, begonias, spinach, thiab hais txog. Kev zam yog rau cov ntawv ntoo.
- Paj yuav luag tag nrho plaub-lossis tsib-tus tswvcuab. Tsis tshua muaj sib txawv.
Class Monocots
Muaj txog 80 txhiab tus neeg sawv cev sib koom ua ke hauv tsev neeg. Muaj nuj nqis angiosperms muaj ntau, piv txwv ntawm cov hauv qab no: tag nrho cov Cereals, Liliaceae, Amaryllis, Txiv tsawb, Sedge, feem ntau xib teg. Thiab qhov no tsis yog tag nrho cov npe, vim tias txhua tsev neeg suav nrog ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm hom.
Cov nplej muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv tib neeg kev lag luam zaub mov. Cov no suav nrog cov qoob loo loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb: nplej, nplej, barley, rye, pob kws thiab lwm yam.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm Monocots
Koj tuaj yeem sau npe ob peb lub ntsiab lus:
- root system - fibrous, tsawgkev zam;
- leaves lanceolate, elongated;
- peb-tus paj, tsis tshua muaj plaub- lossis ob-;
- cotyledon nyob rau hauv lub embryo yog ib.
Cov chav kawm ntawm angiosperms thiab lawv cov neeg sawv cev ntau ua rau muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob ib puag ncig, uas zoo nkauj heev rau kev qhuas thiab ua rau peb txoj sia. Yog lawm, vim tias cov pa oxygen tsim los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab tsis muaj cov pa roj no, tsis muaj ib tug tsiaj muaj sia nyob.
