Tus txiv neej niaj hnub, feem ntau, paub txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov pauv raws li txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm lub neej hauv ntiaj teb. Nws feem ntau ntseeg tias evolution yog ib txoj kev hloov pauv thiab hloov pauv ntawm txhua hom kab mob nyob thoob plaws hauv lawv lub neej ntev. Koj tuaj yeem sib cav ntau txog kev xav ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, hais txog yuav ua li cas nws pib. Tab sis lub tswv yim feem ntau lees paub yog tias nws yog txhua tus kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis yog txhua tus paub thiab nkag siab tias lub tsev kawm theem pib ntawm evolution yog dab tsi - ib tug neeg, ib pab pawg neeg, ib hom.
Kev txhim kho ntawm txoj kev xav
Thaum peb hnov lo lus evolution, peb tam sim ntawd xav txog Charles Darwin (1809-1882). Tab sis ntev ua ntej nws, lub tswv yim ntawm gradual kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej thiab xws li ib tug tswvyim raws li ib tug elementary chav tsev ntawm evolution tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub philosophical kev xav ntawm noob neej. Tab sis nws yog Charles Darwin uas qhia txog kev tshawb fawb hauv zej zog … tsis yog, tsis yog lub tswv yim ntawm evolution, tab siscov tsav tsheb uas yuav ua rau muaj qhov tseem ceeb, qee zaum muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob uas xaus rau kev tsim cov hom tshiab. Hom kab mob raws li lub zej zog lom ntawm cov kab mob, zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv, muaj peev xwm ntawm dawb interbreeding nrog cov tsos ntawm cov me nyuam yug me nyuam. Yog li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm chav tsev me tshaj plaws uas qhov kev hloov pauv mus ntev thiab zoo tuaj yeem tshwm sim, ua rau pom ib yam tshiab thiab txawv ntawm niam txiv cov ntaub ntawv.
Ua ntej Darwin
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav txog kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb organic, uas muaj ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm Darwin txoj kev xav ntawm keeb kwm ntawm hom, hu ua pre-Darwinian. Tsis tau mus rau hauv cov tsiaj qus ntawm evolutionary qhia, qhov tseem ceeb txoj kev xav yog theological (txhua yam yog los ntawm Vajtswv) thiab theological-naturalistic (cov kab mob sib zog ua kom tiav, uas dua yog los ntawm Vajtswv). Cov kev xav no suav hais tias tus neeg yog lub tsev kawm theem pib ntawm evolution. Piv txwv li, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) piav qhia lub caj dab ntev ntawm giraffes los ntawm lawv lub siab xav mus txog cov ceg ntoo saum toj kawg nkaus thiab kev sib kis ntawm qhov kev ntshaw no rau cov xeeb ntxwv.
Darwin's Revolution
Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm Charles Darwin yog tias hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Lub Keeb Kwm ntawm Hom" nws tau piav qhia tag nrho cov kev xav tsis thoob ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb vim yog kev tawm tsam rau kev muaj sia nyob, kev xaiv ntuj. Thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem no yog kev yeej ntawm cov neeg muaj zog thiab haum tshaj plaws. Darwin tau hais tias lub tsev kawm theem pib ntawm kev hloov pauv yog ib pawg ntawm cov tib neeg, thiab tsis yog tib neeg nkaus xwb. Kev xaiv ntuj ua haujlwm tau meej thaum ob leeg tib neeg thiab lawv pawg ntuj poob rau hauv nws qhov kev ua. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg, raws li Darwin, cov cim qhia uas tsis tsim nyog hnub no, tab sis tag kis yuav txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv lub adaptability ntawm cov kab mob mus tas li hloov tej yam kev mob ntawm lub neej, yuav khaws cia. Rau Darwin, xws li ib pab pawg yog hom raws li ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm evolution.
YDarwinism plus noob caj noob ces
Dab tsi Charles Darwin ua tsis tiav los piav qhia hauv nws " Keeb Kwm " yog qhov hloov pauv hloov pauv li cas thiab kho cov xeeb ntxwv. Tom qab tag nrho, cov cim tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau muab zais rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov pauv mus zuj zus. Thiab nws yog nyob rau lub sij hawm no hais tias kev tshawb fawb ntawm noob caj noob ces tshwm sim nrog nws tus kheej txoj cai ntawm kev qub txeeg qub teg thiab recessive thiab dominant alleles accumulated nyob rau hauv ib pawg ntawm cov kab mob. Peb txoj cai ntawm generality ntawm thawj tiam ntawm hybrids los ntawm G. Mendel, ob helix ntawm hereditary DNA cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm J. Watson thiab F. Crick, molecular biology thiab noob qauv, kev loj hlob ntawm embryology thiab cytology, ethology thiab paleontology, biochemistry thiab ecology - thiab ib qho kev tshawb xav hluavtaws ntawm evolution tau yug los, tseem ceeb hauv ib puag ncig kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no.
Symbiosis ntawm Darwinism thiab modernity
Lub tswvyim hluavtaws ntawm evolution tau tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Txhawm rau sau cov kev koom tes ntawm txhua tus kws kho tsiaj evolutionary rau nws txoj kev tsim tsis txaus rau peb nplooj ntawv. Cia peb nco ntsoov cov biologists S. S. Chetverikov (1880-1959), F. G. Dobrozhansky (1900-1975) thiab I. I. Shmalgauzen (1884-1963). Lub ntsiab postulate ntawm txoj kev xav - lub theem pib ntawm evolution yogcov pejxeem raws li ib pawg ntawm ib hom neeg nyob hauv ib thaj chaw thiab nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev cais los ntawm lwm cov pejxeem ntawm ib hom. Nws yog kev cais ntawm cov pej xeem (ecological, thaj chaw, kev yug me nyuam) uas ua rau tsim cov hom tshiab. Lub synthetic txoj kev xav ntawm evolution ua rau kev piav qhia ntawm lub mechanisms ntawm no speciation los ntawm tej yam kev cai, uas kuj piav qhia yog vim li cas cov pej xeem raug suav hais tias yog lub elementary chav tsev ntawm evolution.
Basic of the synthetic theory of evolution
Cov ntaub ntawv qhia hauv qab no tsis tau lees tias ua tiav thiab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xav niaj hnub no, tab sis suav nrog hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm postulate tias cov pejxeem yog ib chav tsev ntawm kev hloov pauv.
Lavxias teb sab biologist thiab noob caj noob ces N. V. Timofeev-Resovsky (1900-1981) tsim cov kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm STE ntawm theem pib, qhov tshwm sim thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hloov pauv lom neeg.
- Lub tsev kawm theem pib ntawm kev hloov pauv yog cov pejxeem.
- Qhov tshwm sim ntawm evolution hauv kev nqis tes yog qhov hloov pauv hauv cov noob caj noob ces (tag nrho cov noob ntawm txhua tus neeg) ntawm cov pejxeem.
- Cov noob caj ces ntawm cov pejxeem yog cov khoom siv ntawm kev hloov pauv.
- Yam ntawm evolution yog cov txheej txheem hloov pauv, kev cais tawm, pej xeem nthwv dej (pej xeem hloov pauv) thiab xaiv.
Vim li cas pejxeem
Tsuas yog cov pej xeem raws li ib pawg ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm tib hom sawv cev rau ib qho kev tsim uas tuaj yeem muaj nyob mus ib txhis raws li kev ncaj ncees hauv qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm. Thiabtsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub zej zog no qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev pub dawb interbreeding ntawm tib neeg yog ib txwm siab dua qhov tshwm sim ntawm interbreeding ntawm cov tib neeg los ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Tsuas yog cov pejxeem ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm cov txheej txheem evolutionary, thiab yog li ntawd nws yog qhov tseeb cov pejxeem uas yog lub tsev kawm theem pib ntawm evolution. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv pab pawg no nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv ntawm cov genotypes, cov tib neeg raug xaiv raws li phenotypic zoo. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug kaw system muaj peev xwm lub phenotypically ua tau zoo rau lub muab tej yam kev mob ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm cov yam ntxwv yuav consolidated nyob rau hauv lub genotype ntawm tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg, nyob rau hauv lub gene pas dej ua ke ntawm cov pejxeem. Thiab, accumulating nyob rau hauv lub gene pas dej ua ke, hloov tus kheej genotypes ntawm cov tib neeg, ua rau phenotypic (sab nraud) txawv.
Vim li cas ho tsis yog hom tsev kawm theem pib ntawm evolution?
Saib kuj tseem suav tau tias yog ib qho kev kaw kaw uas muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev. Tab sis txhua hom, inhabiting ib cheeb tsam, yog faib unevenly nyob rau hauv ib ncig. Thiab txhua feem ntawm nws yog cov pej xeem, uas theoretically muaj peev xwm ua rau kom tus txheej txheem ntawm speciation. Los yog tej zaum tsis. Qee hom, xws li cov kab mob, feem ntau nyob hauv thaj chaw tsis tshua muaj neeg nyob thiab sawv cev los ntawm ib tus pej xeem (Arctic polar bears lossis Baikal foob). Thiab muaj ntau hom, xws li cov magpie, sawv cev los ntawm ntau pua tus neeg nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb.
Vim li cas ib tug neeg tsis yog ib chav tsev ntawm kev hloov pauv?
Cov txheej txheem evolutionary qhia txog kev txhim kho thiab tshwm sim ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshiab thiab cov khoomlub cev, ua rau nws zoo dua adaptability. Thiab ntawm no yuav tsum muaj cov saw ntawm ntau tiam neeg - keeb kwm evolutionary lossis evolutionary txoj hmoo. Ib lub cev tsis muaj nyob rau ib lub sij hawm ntev thiaj li tsim tau thiab sib sau ua ke ib qho zoo thoob plaws hauv lub neej. Yog li ntawd, ib pab tsiaj los yog pab pawg tsis tuaj yeem yog ib pawg hauv paus - pawg no tsis txaus cais thiab, raws li txoj cai, tsis muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev heev hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau tiam neeg. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias cov lus no tsis yog kiag li haum rau prokaryotes (tsis yog-nuclear) raws li qhov yooj yim tshaj nrog ib tug siab reproduction tus nqi.
