Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus sau

Cov txheej txheem:

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus sau
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus sau
Anonim

Cov lus sau yog hom lus tsis yog hom lus ntawm kev muaj nyob (subsystem) ntawm hom lus hauv tebchaws, uas muaj qee yam nta. Cov no muaj xws li codification, normativity, stylistic sib txawv, multifunctionality, raws li zoo raws li muaj koob meej nyob rau hauv zej zog, ntawm nws bearers.

Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus sau, nws txoj haujlwm, nrog rau lub tswv yim nws tus kheej, nws cov khoom thiab txhais.

cov cim ntawm cov lus sau
cov cim ntawm cov lus sau

Cov lus sau ntawv yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas pabcuam kev sib txuas lus hauv zej zog. Nws yog tawm tsam rau lwm yam, tsis yog-codified subsystems - dialects, nroog vernacular (nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus - nroog koine), as well as social and professional jargon.

Ob txoj hauv kev los txhais lub tswvyim

Cov lus sau raws li lub tswv yim tuaj yeem txhais tau los ntawm cov lus piav qhia uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub subsystem ntawm ib hom lus hauv tebchaws, nrog rau kev txiav txim siab tag nrho cov neeg,yog tus cab kuj ntawm no subsystem, cais nws los ntawm cov loj loj ntawm cov neeg hais lus no. Qhov thib ib yog txoj kev txhais lus ntawm kev txhais, thiab qhov thib ob yog sociological.

lus sau los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm V. V. Vinogradov

cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus sau
cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus sau

Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm V. V. Vinogradov, cov lus sau ntawv yog ib hom lus uas muaj cov lus sau ntawm qee tus neeg lossis ob peb ntawm lawv. Ntawd yog, nws suav nrog cov lus ntawm txhua qhov kev coj noj coj ua, feem ntau tau hais hauv kev sau ntawv, tab sis qee zaum kuj nyob rau hauv qhov ncauj, nrog rau cov ntawv tseeb, kev sau xov xwm, kev tshawb fawb, kev sau ntawv thiab kev sib txuas lus niaj hnub, tsev kawm ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv ua lag luam. Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws raws li qhov ncauj-colloquial thiab sau-phau ntawv txawv.

Ntau cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam nrog lub tswv yim no

lo lus no tau txuas nrog hauv nws keeb kwm nrog lub tswv yim xws li "cov ntaub ntawv", thiab hauv kev nkag siab etymological nws txhais tau tias nws yog raws li "tsab ntawv", uas yog, ntawm tsab ntawv. Raws li, nws yog ib hom lus sau. Qhov tseeb tiag, yog peb xav txog cov lus ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, peb tsuas yog hais txog cov lus sau, tag nrho cov ntawv uas muaj lub hom phiaj kev sau ntawv. Lwm cov cim qhia ntawm cov lus sau ua raws li cov ntsiab lus no nrog kev pab ntawm lo lus, yog li ntawd, lawv zoo li nkag siab thiab muaj laj thawj.

cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus
cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus

Cov lus sib txawv uas tau sau rau ntawm qhov kev kawm no, qhov tseeb, tsuas yog kev sim kom tawm ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev cai lij choj: lub tswv yim ntayog revered li teej tug mus rau ib yam khoom uas tsis muaj nyob, thiab cov khoom nws tus kheej txiav txim los ntawm lawv. Cov cim ntawm cov lus sau yuav raug tham hauv qab no.

lus sau ua ib txoj haujlwm ntawm haiv neeg

Ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus, qhov txaus siab tshaj plaws yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws ua haujlwm ntawm hom lus hauv tebchaws. Ntawd yog, kev sau ntawv tsuas yog ib hom kev siv cov lus Lavxias, thiab tsis yog ib hom lus sib txawv. Qhov kev nkag siab no nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog kev coj noj coj ua, nws yog txiav txim siab los ntawm keeb kwm mus kom ze rau kev tsom xam ntawm cov lus sau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov kev txhais lus no piav qhia txog kev muaj sia nyob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam ntawm "kev hais lus kab lis kev cai", txij li lub hav zoov ntawm cov lus sau ua ib lo lus yog qhov ncaj ncees. Qhov tseeb, tom kawg tsuas yog ib hom kev muaj nyob ntawm lub teb chaws (folk) lus, thiab tsis yog hais lus nyob rau hauv qhov nqaim ntawm lo lus. Sij hawm dhau mus, cov ntaub ntawv hais lus tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev tsim "kab lis kev cai", kev xaiv hom lus raws li cov qauv ntawm cov lus tsim, thiab ua cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem keeb kwm no.

Peb yuav xav txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus hauv qab no. Tam sim no cia peb hais ob peb lo lus hais txog hom lus.

Polyfunctionality ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus

cov cim qhia ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus
cov cim qhia ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus

Lub tswv yim thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus sau los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Ib yam lus uas tsim tau txaus muaj ob hom lus tseem ceeb raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm kev siv: nyob cov lus hais thiab cov lus sau. Peb txawj tham lus los ntawm thaum yau. Mastering qhov thib ob ntau yamtshwm sim tsis tu ncua, thoob plaws hauv lub neej thiab kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug neeg, mus txog rau thaum nws laus heev.

Cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub no muaj ntau yam, uas yog, nws tau siv ntau qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg kev ua haujlwm. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus sau (grammatical builds, vocabulary) kuj ua haujlwm sib txawv. Kev siv cov cuab yeej hais lus ncaj qha nyob ntawm hom kev sib txuas lus. Nyob rau hauv cov lus sau (koj yuav pom cov cim ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus sau qis me ntsis), muaj ob hom kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb: bookish thiab colloquial. Yog li ntawd, bookish thiab hais lus txawv. Hauv kev hais lus, muaj peb hom kev hais lus: kev hais lus, nruab nrab thiab tag nrho.

Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb uas qhia txog cov lus bookish yog lub peev xwm khaws cov ntawv nyeem thiab yog li siv los ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm ntau tiam neeg.

cov cim ntawm ib hom lus yog
cov cim ntawm ib hom lus yog

Nws txoj haujlwm muaj ntau, raws li cov cim qhia, cov qauv ntawm cov lus sau, lawv txhua tus ua nyuaj rau kev txhim kho hauv zej zog.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus sau ntawv

Ntawm lwm hom lus uas tau pom nyob rau hauv cov lus hauv tebchaws (social thiab territorial dialects, vernacular, jargon), nws yog cov lus sau uas invariably plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Nws muaj txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws rau npe cov khoom thiab cov ntsiab lus, qhia txog kev xav thiab kev xav. Muaj kev sib cuam tshuam tsis tu ncua ntawm nws thiab lwm yam lus, tsis yog kev sau ntawv. Hauv kev hais lus sib tham, qhov no qhia nws tus kheej kom meej meej.

Vim li no, cov lus sau ntawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm kab lis kev caipeb cov lus, raws li zoo raws li lub siab tshaj plaws daim ntawv ntawm hav zoov ntawm lub teb chaws lus. Nws yog siv rau hauv xov xwm, kev kawm, ntawv nyeem, kab lis kev cai. Ua haujlwm ntau yam ntawm tib neeg: kev tshawb fawb, kev nom kev tswv, kev sib txuas lus lag luam, kev cai lij choj, thoob ntiaj teb, kev sib txuas lus txhua hnub, TV, luam tawm, xov tooj cua.

Keeb kwm lus sau ntawv

Peb xam tawm lo lus nws tus kheej. Cia peb tam sim no nco ntsoov cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus sau. Cov no yog kev ruaj ntseg (uas yog, kev ruaj ntseg), kev ua haujlwm (vim nws yog ib hom lus uas tau ua tiav los ntawm ntau tus tswv ntawm lo lus: cov kws tshawb fawb, kws sau paj huam, kws sau ntawv, pej xeem cov nuj nqis), yuav tsum tau ua rau txhua tus neeg uas yog haiv neeg hais lus, muaj nyob hauv. Qee qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo, nrog rau normalization. Nov yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus sau.

Normalization

Normalization txhais tau hais tias yog ib txoj kev hais ncaj ncees, uas qhia txog cov qauv keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus sau. Qhov kos npe no yog ua raws li cov lus hauv nws tus kheej, kho los ntawm cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Cov neeg kawm ntawv ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem nyiam qhov normalized ntawm kev qhia. Raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm qee cov kev cai rau kev siv cov lus, cov qauv tsim nyog yuav tsum tau khaws cov kev nkag siab zoo thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov lus hauv lub tebchaws, txhawm rau xa cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tiam neeg mus rau ib tiam. Yog tias tsis muaj, qhov kev hloov pauv no tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov lus, vim tias cov neeg nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm peb lub tebchaws yuav tsis nkag siab ib leeg.

qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus sau
qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus sau

Ua tiav thiab ua tiav

Cov cim ntawm cov lus sau kuj tau ua tiav thiab muab teev tseg. Kev ua tiav tshwm sim los ntawm kev xaiv, thiab lub hom phiaj, ntawm txhua qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas nyob hauv nws. Qhov kev xaiv no yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv lub teb chaws, raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm pej xeem cov nuj nqis, philologists.

Codification txhais tau tias kho nws cov qauv hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Nws tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv tsim nyog, nrog rau lwm cov phau ntawv uas muaj cov cai siv cov lus.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus sau kuj zoo li tseem ceeb heev.

Lwm cov paib

Ib qho cim ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib txawv txhais tau tias muaj ntau yam kev ua haujlwm.

Cov lus sau kuj yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm nws txoj kev siv thiab nthuav dav, ua raws li kev lis kev cai, kev siv thiab kev muaj peev xwm ntawm cov kab lus no.

Peb tau tshuaj xyuas cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus Lavxias. Ib lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus kab lis kev cai yog los tiv thaiv nws, nrog rau nws cov qauv, vim hais tias cov lus sau tau sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov neeg hauv cov lus. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj kev tsim invariably belongs rau cov qib siab ntawm cov pejxeem.

cov cim ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov lus sau
cov cim ntawm tus qauv ntawm cov lus sau

Yuav ua li cas yog hom lus?

Txhua yam txhais tau tias, cov lus sau yuav tsum nkag siab, vim nws yuav tsum muaj peev xwm pom tau los ntawm cov tswv cuab hauv zej zog. Nws yuav tsumyuav tsum tau tsim kom muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov lexical, grammatical, accentological thiab orthoepic cov cai ntawm cov lus hauv kev hais lus. Yog li ntawd, ib txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb heev uas ntsib cov kws txawj lus Askiv yog xav txog txhua yam tshiab uas tshwm sim hauv cov lus sau los ntawm qhov pom ntawm nws txoj kev ua raws li cov qauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm zoo.

Kev hais lus raug thiab raug ntau dua, qhov nkag tau yooj yim dua rau kev nkag siab, kev nthuav qhia ntau dua thiab zoo nkauj, nws muaj zog dua rau cov nyeem lossis mloog. Txhawm rau qhia koj tus kheej kom zoo nkauj thiab raug, koj yuav tsum ua raws li qee qhov kev cai lij choj (pov thawj, sib xws), nrog rau cov qauv ntawm peb cov lus sau, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov qauv, saib xyuas kev sib raug zoo, thiab tsis txhob rov ua dua.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm cov lus Lavxias tau tsim los ntawm Central Lavxias cov lus, lawv lub suab. Niaj hnub no, nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm normalized, cov lus hais lus raug puas tsuaj.

Pom zoo: