Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav xyuam xim rau Indo-Europeans - keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm cov Slavs, nrog rau cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm lwm haiv neeg, uas xav tias yog los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm sab qaum teb Hiav Txwv Dub thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Volga thiab Dnieper. Ntawm no peb yuav xav txog cov lus nug txog lawv lub hauv paus chiv keeb, kev qhia lub ntsiab lus rau hauv kev hais lus, kev koom nrog cov pab pawg neeg thaum ub rau cov xeev niaj hnub, thiab ntau ntxiv.
Ntsib Indo-Europeans
Indo-Europeans yog haiv neeg hais lus ntawm Indo-European keeb kwm. Raws li lub npe thiab adjective, lo lus pib siv nyob rau hauv ethnographic thiab ethnolinguistic ntaub ntawv ntawm cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov XIX caug xyoo. Tam sim no, Slavs, Germans, Greeks, Thracians, thiab lwm yam yog cais raws li Indo-Europeans. Tau ntev, lo lus tsis tau siv nyob rau hauv kev hais lus, raws li nws ua rau tsis meej pem raws li niaj hnub cov neeg ntawm European haiv neeg - xws li. cov Portuguese, British, thiab lwm yam tab sis yug los yog nyob txij thaum yau nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm lub Indian subcontinent los yog nyob rau hauv lub Indochinese ceg av qab teb thiab nyob ze cov Islands tuaj nyob rau hauv lub Pacific thiab Indian dej hiav txwv. Qhov no kuj yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov cheeb tsam noyog cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub zog loj ntawm Tebchaws Europe.
Kev txiav txim siab tom qab tsov rog
keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Indo-Europeans nkag mus rau hauv qhov tob ntawm lub sijhawm. Lub tswv yim ntawm "Indo-Europeans" nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm txij thaum pib mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum muaj ib tug txwv ntau yam ntawm kev siv nyob rau hauv tej ntaub ntawv, kev kawm thiab kev sau xov xwm. Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, uas tau pib xyoo 1939, ua rau lub sijhawm no nkag mus rau hauv kev tshawb fawb. Qhov no tau tsav los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau hloov cov ntsiab lus thaum ntxov xws li "Aryan pawg" lossis "Aryan neeg" thiab kev siv tsis tu ncua los ntawm cov neeg ntawm Nazi Reich los sib cav txog cov laj thawj ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia. Txog xyoo 1950, lub tswv yim tseem siv me me. Cov lus qhia tau qhia rau hauv zej zog kev kawm los ntawm Arnold Toynbee.
B alts thiab German haiv neeg
Cia peb xav txog yam tib neeg tuaj yeem xav txog lawv tus kheej cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Indo-Europeans.
Raws li qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov zej zog thaum ub ntawm cov pab pawg neeg nomadic, nws tuaj yeem hais tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg Latvians thiab Lithuanians niaj hnub yog B alts, thiab lawv kuj suav nrog cov ntsiab lus sib xyaw ntawm Prussians, Latgalians, Yotvingians, Curonians, etc.
Cov neeg German niaj hnub no yog sawv cev los ntawm Austrian, Lus Askiv, Danes, Dutch, Icelanders, Germans, Norwegians, Swedes, Frisians thiab merged Goths, Vandals thiab lwm pab pawg neeg German thaum ub.
Indo-Aryan cov neeg suav nrog Hindustanis, Bengalis, Rajasthani thiab tej zaum Meots,Taurians thiab Sinds.
Qhia txog Iranians, Italics thiab Greeks
Cov hauv paus hniav ntawm Indo-Europeans tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau Iranian qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob, uas suav nrog Persians, Tajiks, Pashtuns, Tats, Talysh, Yaghns, Dards, Obts, Pamir haiv neeg thiab assimilated Tochars, Hephthalites, Scythians, Sakas, Sarmatians, Cimmerians, thiab lwm yam.
Anatolian haiv neeg suav nrog Hittite, Luwian, Lydian, Lycian, Palaian, Carian thiab lwm pab pawg, nrog rau Armenians.
Cov Italics yog tsim los ntawm Oscans, Umbrians, Piceni, Sabines, Falisci, Equivs, Vestines, Siculs, Lusitani, Veneti, Samnites thiab lwm haiv neeg.
Cov neeg Greek tau nyob ze rau cov khoom siv uas yog cov Phrygians thiab Macedonians.
Tshawb nrhiav cov neeg ntawm Celts thaum ub, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias lawv suav nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Scots, Irish, Bretons, Welsh, nrog rau cov Gauls, Galatians thiab Galvets.
Los ntawm Slavs rau Thracians
keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Slavs yog Indo-Europeans. Cov no suav nrog cov neeg sawv cev niaj hnub ntawm Belarus, Bulgaria, Macedonia, ib feem ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Russia, nrog rau Serbs, Poles, Lusatians, Slovenes, Ukrainians, Czechs, Croats. Tam sim no, cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov Slavs yog Indo-Europeans, pab pawg neeg uas nyob thiab roamed thaj chaw ntawm ntau lub teb chaws, xws li Ukraine los yog Russia.
Illyrian cov xeeb ntxwv feem ntau yuav sawv cev los ntawm Albanians, Romanians thiab Moldavians.
Txhua tus neeg sau npe saum toj no ntawm peb kab lus ntawm kab lus no xa mustxawv hom haiv neeg European. Raws li ib qho ntawm cov kev xav, uas tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov kws qhia lus ntawm Russia thiab USSR S. Starostin, Indo-European cov lus yuav tsum raug ntaus nqi rau cov lus Nostratic.
Ancient Indo-Europeans
Muaj cov qauv Asian thiab European uas txiav txim siab txog keeb kwm ntawm Indo-Europeans. Ntawm cov neeg nyob sab Europe, qhov kev xav ntawm Kurgan yog suav tias yog qhov feem ntau, uas tau lees paub los ntawm feem ntau cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws paub lus Askiv. Los ntawm kev xav, lawv tab tom sim ua pov thawj rau peb qhov kev xav tias thaj chaw nyob hauv thaj av Northern Black Hiav Txwv, nrog rau thaj av nruab nrab ntawm Volga thiab Dnieper Rivers, yog cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm Indo-European haiv neeg. Thaum pib, cov zej zog semi-nomadic nyob hauv thaj chaw niaj hnub sab hnub tuaj ntawm Ukraine thiab sab qab teb ntawm Russia nyob rau ntawd txij li xyoo 5 txog rau xyoo pua 4 xyoo BC. e. Indo-Europeans yog ib haiv neeg uas muaj cov neeg Samara, Sredny Stog thiab Yamnaya kab lis kev cai.
Tom qab cov neeg nyob hauv cov cheeb tsam no tau paub txog kev siv tshuab ntawm cov bronze melting thiab domesticating nees, cov pab pawg neeg tau pib tsiv mus nyob rau ntau cov lus qhia. Qhov no ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm haiv neeg-anthropological ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov teb chaws Europe niaj hnub no.
Lub Hnub Nyoog Tshawb Nrhiav tau tso cai rau cov lus Indo-European tsiv mus rau Asmeskas, South Africa, Australia, thiab lwm yam vim muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev.
Hmoob lub hauv paus chiv keeb
Anatolian kev xav yog ib qho ntawm lwm txoj hauv kevtxoj kev piav txog keeb kwm ntawm Indo-Europeans.
Lwm txoj hauj lwm dictates hais tias cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm cov neeg no yog localized nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, yav tas los Anatolia.
Qhov kev xav tau muab tso rau hauv xyoo 1987 txog kev nrhiav cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm Indo-Europeans thov tias nws tau tsom mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Chatal-Hyuyuk thaj chaw. Briton Colin Renfrew yog tus uas qhia nws.
Lawv tau sim tso qhov kev xav ntawm Anatolian raws li kev tshawb fawb glottochronological. Cov lus no tau luam tawm xyoo 2003 thiab luam tawm los ntawm Nature.
Lub tswv yim Armenian, piv rau Anatolian ib qho, ntseeg hais tias Proto-Indo-European lus tej zaum tshwm sim nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm Armenian Highlands.
Vim qhov tseeb tias Indo-Europeans yog pab pawg uas pib lawv keeb kwm los ntawm qhov chaw tsis paub tseeb, tam sim no muaj lwm qhov kev xav. Lwm qhov kev xav zoo li no yog Balkan kev xav, uas tau hais tias Proto-Indo-European hais lus tau tshwm sim hauv qhov loj ntawm Balkan Peninsula thiab yog, pib, nyob rau hauv cov npe uas twb muaj lawm ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm Balkan Neolithic era.
In the Early Neolithic, circa 5000 B. C. BC e, muaj ib tug nyias ciam teb ntawm lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Indo-European lus thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Ural, North Caucasian hais lus. Cov ntaub ntawv no ua rau lwm qhov kev xav ntawm qhov kev xav no, ua haujlwm nrog ntau tus qauv lus. Lub ntsiab lus archaeological ntawm kev ntseeg ntseeg, vim yog qhov sib xws ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv band-linear ceramics, tias qhov no yuav yog qhov laj thawj txaus los tso tawm qhov kev xav tshiab.
Qhov kev xav no pomnws cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm cov pab pawg neeg uas yog cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm "qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus" - lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas hais tias lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm dispersion ntawm qhov ncauj hais lus yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam uas muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm ntau hom lus. Qhov no kuj tau sib cav los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cheeb tsam peripheral muaj feem pua ntawm kev sib luag. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no tau raug sau tseg vim qhov kev sim los txiav txim qhov keeb kwm ntawm ntau hom lus sib xyaw.
Hais txog qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm Indo-Europeans, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no sim ua kom pom tias kev sib cais ntawm cov lus tau tsom mus rau South-East ntawm Europe.
Genetic marking
Indo-Europeans yog ib lub zej zog ntawm hom lus. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg no tsis txuas nrog ib leeg los ntawm ib yam dab tsi tshwj tsis yog hais lus. mtDNA cov cim thiab lawv cov kev faib tawm tsis muaj zog cuam tshuam rau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev faib lus. Ua ntej xyoo 1960, cov pov thawj ntawm hom archaeological taw qhia txog kev hloov pauv kev coj noj coj ua, uas tau txhais tas li kom paub meej tias kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov neeg tau loj heev. Cov ntaub ntawv muab los ntawm cov tshiab archaeology uas tshwm sim ntawm 1960 thiab 1970 disproved xws assumption, vim muaj feem xyuam rau inculcation ntawm ib tug tshiab kab lis kev cai, los ntawm kev lag luam, thiab lwm yam.
Qee qhov tseeb
Nws yuav nthuav kom nco ntsoov tias cov Basques tsuas yog cov neeg nyob sab Europe sab hnub poob uas hais ib hom lus uas tsis koom nrog pawg Indo-European.
Lwm qhov tseeb yog qhov uas cov neeg laus tshaj plaws ntawm Middle East raug suav hais tiasHaiv neeg Hittite thiab Luwians. Cov txheej txheem ntawm lawv txoj kev sib cais pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 BC. e.
Raws li tag nrho cov saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias cov neeg Indo-Europes niaj hnub no tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo hauv tebchaws thiab tsuas yog ua raws li kev hais lus zoo sib xws ntawm keeb kwm. Cov lus nug ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Indo-Europeans nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tam sim no tseem qhib, vim muaj ntau hypotheses txog lawv qhov chaw nyob thiab cov tsos ntawm lub teb chaws no, tab sis cov no tsuas yog hypotheses. Tam sim no tus nyeem ntawv kuj tuaj yeem thov rau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog keeb kwm ntawm ntau haiv neeg niaj hnub no.
