Architecture yog ib ceg ntawm kev kos duab tsom rau kev tsim thiab kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov qauv. Tus qauv yog txhua yam uas yog tsim los ua kom tiav ntau yam kev xav tau ntawm noob neej. Lub tsev yog ib lub tsev siab uas muaj qhov chaw sab hauv thiab yog npaj rau txhua yam kev ua ub no los yog tib neeg nyob. Lwm cov qauv hauv av, saum npoo thiab hauv qab dej yog hu ua engineering. Lawv yuav tsum tau ua cov hauj lwm technical: tsim choj, qhov, txoj kev.
Kab lus no yog ib feem raws li Vilchik phau ntawv qhia txog kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov qauv.
Yog li, cov architecture muaj ntau yam khoom:
1. Cov ntaub ntawv ib puag ncig. Hauv lub ntsiab lus no, nws yog siv los ua kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg, uas yog: tsim tsev, chaw lag luam, chaw ua haujlwm, kev kawm thiab chaw lom zem.
2. Art. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov no yog cov tsev keeb kwm thiab niaj hnub no uas muaj kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg.
Basic architecture ntawm cov tsev thiab cov qauv
Thaum tsim thiabThaum tsim cov tsev, ntau qhov yuav tsum tau ua:
- functional expediency;
- kev sib txuas ntawm ntim rau kev xav tau kev sib raug zoo;
- xav kom puv chav nrog tib neeg;
- kev khiav tawm tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam;
- kom pom kev zoo thiab hnov;
- shaping tib neeg lub tswv yim zoo nkauj;
- kev sib haum xeeb nrog ib puag ncig;
- kev ua tau zoo thiab kev lag luam.
Txhua yam no yog qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov qauv: kom muaj txiaj ntsig thiab yooj yim.
Ntau lub tsev
Kev faib tawm ntawm cov tsev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov qauv siv 3 hom:
1. Civil. Cov no suav nrog cov tsev nyob thiab pej xeem, lub hom phiaj yog los pab cov neeg xav tau.
2. Kev lag luam. Cov no yog cov qauv uas khaws cov khoom lag luam thiab kev ua haujlwm ua haujlwm.
3. Kev ua liaj ua teb. Lub tsev khaws tsiaj, cog qoob loo, thiab khaws cov khoom.
Lub tsev nyob thiab pej xeem
1. Cov tsev nyob. Thaum tsim lawv, tshwj xeeb yog them rau qhov cua thiab insolation (uas yog, raug tshav ntuj). Raws li qhov no, lawv tso qhov rais, qhov cua, tso pa tawm nrog cov cua ntsawj ntshab ntuj.
Cov tsev nyob yog cais raws li qhov ntev ntawm kev nyob ntawm:
- mus sij hawm ntev (cov tsev tsev);
- ntau chav tsev ntu ntu tsev (teem kawg thiabseem zoo tib yam);
- lub nroog-hom tsev siab siab (ntau ntu, txoj kev hauv tsev, chav tsev);
- homestead-type houses.
- temporary (dormitories).
Hmoob tab tom tsim rau:
- cov tub ntxhais kawm;
- cov tub txawg;
- tsev neeg hluas.
Lub tsev so muaj chaw rau kev coj noj coj ua, kev kho mob thiab kev pab. Ib qho kev nthuav dav ntxiv nyob ntawm seb hom tsev tshwj xeeb.
2. Short-term (chaw ntiav pw thiab tsev so).
3. Public buildings.
Lub tsev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov vaj tse hauv pej xeem hais txog kev pabcuam kev noj qab haus huv rau cov pejxeem. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lawv tsev ntau lub chaw tswj hwm.
Cov tsev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov vaj tse tau muab faib ua ntau hom nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj:
- shopping (khw, malls);
- kev kawm (tsev kawm ntawv thiab qib kindergartens);
- administrative;
- tsheb thauj mus los thiab kev sib txuas lus (chaw nres tsheb, chaw TV);
- kho-thiab-prophylactic (polyclinics, sanatoriums, tsev kho mob);
- kab lis kev cai thiab kev kawm (ua yeeb yam thiab tsev cia puav pheej).
phiaj xwm phiaj xwm
thaj chaw tau muab faib ua zones:
- chaw nyob (center, koog tsev kawm ntawv thiab ib cheeb tsam);
- production;
- toj roob hauv pes thiab kev ua si (tsob hav zoov thiab chaw ua si).
Cov qauv kev nyab xeeb thiab hluav taws kub (SNiP - 1.07.01-89 "Kev npaj thiab kev tsim kho hauv nroog thiab cov chaw nyob deb nroog") yuav tsum tau ua raws li qhov sib txawv - qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub tsev thiab qhov rais. Kuj tseem muaj lwm hom pej xeemtsev:
- Cov vaj huam sib luag loj tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm qhov khoob ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov phab ntsa, qab nthab thiab lwm cov qauv.
- Beskarkasnye (nrog cov phab ntsa transverse thiab longitudinal load-bearing phab ntsa) yog yooj yim los tsim thiab feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv loj vaj tse.
- Frame (muaj racks thiab crossbars) yog siv rau pej xeem cov tsev.
- Large-block (phab ntsa muaj pob zeb loj, blocks nthuav av nplaum lossis cellular pob zeb hnyav txog li 3 tons) cov tsev.
Industrial buildings
Rau qhov kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev tsim qauv ntawm cov tuam txhab lag luam, cov tsev thiab cov qauv, cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom yog xav tau. Namely:
- geographic (kev nyab xeeb, kev soj ntsuam thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw, hydrogeological thiab engineering-geological cov ntaub ntawv);
- thev naus laus zis (qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab architectural, huv huv thiab engineering):
- tag nrho qhov siab ntawm cov khoom siv nyob ruaj ruaj;
- ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm;
- xov xwm txog kev thauj mus los hauv khw;
- cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis layout;
- sijhawm ntawm lub koom haum tsim kho.
Cov tsev zoo li no yog tsim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom (cov chaw tsim khoom rau ntau qhov kev lag luam) thiab cov qauv spans (kev tso kawm ntawm kev lag luam uas muaj feem xyuam nrog kev lag luam). Kev npaj qhov chaw:
- siab;
- step;
- span.
Gridkem - qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kab hauv kab lus longitudinal thiab transverse.
Architecture ntawm cov tsev lag luam thiab cov qauv suav nrog:
1. Cov tsev ib leeg. Hom kev lag luam no feem ntau. Nws yog tsim rau workflows nrog kab rov tav ntau lawm schemes, uas muaj feem xyuam rau lub lag luam ntawm cov khoom loj. Muab faib ua:
a) thav duab (qhov no yog kab ke ntawm cov kab uas cuam tshuam nrog txheej) - feem ntau;
b) nrog ib qho tsis tiav (muaj kev txhawb nqa: txhua kab, cib ncej);
c) frameless nrog sab nraud bearing phab ntsa thiab bulges (pilasters);
d) cov tsev hipped tsis muaj cov phab ntsa sab nraud thiab ntsug. Lub hauv paus ua haujlwm ncaj qha.
2. Ntau tsev. Lawv tau tsim rau cov tsev lag luam nrog cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntsug lossis rau cov lag luam uas siv cov khoom siv teeb pom kev zoo (khoom noj khoom haus, kev lag luam teeb). Lawv tuaj nrog ib tug tag nrho thiab tsis tiav thav duab, nrog load-bearing phab ntsa.
Type of multi-storey buildings:
- production;
- laboratory;
- tswj hwm thiab hauv tsev.
Fencing qhov chaw ntawm txheej txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem muaj xws li:
- vapor barrier;
- daim ntawv thiab yob vov tsev;
- bearing flooring;
- tiv thaiv txheej ntawm cov pob zeb zoo lossis xuab zeb nrog bituminous mastic;
- thermal rwb thaiv tsev;
- cement lossis asph alt leveling screed.
Txheej yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog ribbed slabs. Lawv tuaj yeem yog insulated lossistxias. Nws nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntawm chav tsev nws tus kheej.
Agricultural vaj tse thiab cov qauv
Cov tsev zoo li no yog tsim los pab ntau yam kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam no. Lawv faib los ntawm lub hom phiaj yog raws li nram no:
1. Tsiaj txhu (cowsheds, nkuaj, pigsties, sheepfolds).
Cov no yog cov tsev loj (ntau dua 35 m). Lawv tau tsim los ua cov duab plaub, tsis muaj qhov siab sib txawv thiab nrog kev sib koom ua ke hauv ib qho kev taw qhia tshwj xeeb. Yog tias qhov dav ntawm lub tsev tsis ntau tshaj 27 meters, lub ru tsev yog corrugated asbestos-cement sheets. Rau cov tsev loj, cov ntaub ntawv mastic los yog yob yog siv.
2. Poultry farms (incubators and poultry houses).
3. Kev cog qoob loo (tsev cog khoom thiab tsev cog khoom, tsev cog khoom). Cov no yog cov tsev glazed nrog cov khoom tsim kev nyab xeeb. Lawv tso cai rau koj cog zaub, paj thiab yub.
4. Warehouse (cia ntawm nplej thiab zaub, warehouse ntawm ntxhia chiv). Vaults txawv nyob ntawm txoj kev cia:
- bunker;
- nyiaj;
- outdoor.
Cov no yog cov chav tsis muaj cua sov uas tsis muaj lub teeb ntuj thiab qhov chaw nyob. Muaj thav duab lossis phab ntsa uas muaj kabmob.
5. Rau kev kho cov tshuab thiab ua cov khoom ua liaj ua teb (mills, tshuab ziab khaub ncaws rau nplej). Agricultural tsev yuav tsum:
- architectural (suav nrog cov tsos ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub tsev);
- functional (tag nrho txaus siab rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cov qauv nrogtag nrho ua raws li kev huv thiab huv thiab lwm yam qauv kev ua haujlwm);
- thev naus laus zis (ua lub tsev ruaj khov, ruaj khov thiab muaj zog, nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws kub-resistant);
- kev lag luam (txo cov nqi tsim kho los ntawm kev txo qis zog thiab sijhawm).
Cov qauv tseem ceeb tau sau tseg hauv qab no.
1. Nyob ntawm qhov chaw npaj daws teeb meem:
- ib-zaj dab neeg (pavilion, interlocked nrog ib kab loj ntawm kab);
- ntau-storey (rau qaib thiab tsiaj txhu). Lub layout nyob ntawm tej yam kev mob ntawm cov tsiaj. Cov tsev muaj lub teeb ci ntuj nrog cua sov.
2. Raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm spatial kev npaj ntawm kev txhawb nqa:
- frame (nce thiab tom qab-thiab-nqaj);
- nrog cov ncej tsis tiav;
- frameless (nrog cov phab ntsa sab nrauv ua los ntawm pob zeb lossis cib).
ntau lub tsev ua liaj ua teb:
- glumam;
- pob zeb ua vaj tse nrog beamless trusses;
- nrog cov phab ntsa ua los ntawm cov pob zeb sib sib zog nqus thiab hauv pem teb slabs;
- los ntawm hlau-ntoo trusses thiab arches, nrog rau los ntawm cov pob zeb muaj zog ntxiv;
- nrog cov phab ntsa thiab npog ua los ntawm cov ntawv hlau thiab insulated asbestos-cement panels.
Long-span vaj tse thiab cov qauv
Hais txog kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov vaj tse, lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov vaj tse loj thiab cov qauv tau muab. Phau ntawv N. P. Vilchik qhia: qhov no yog hom qauv uasKev sib tshooj tshwm sim tsuas yog nrog cov qauv loj-ntev-cov kabmob (ntau dua 35 meters). Lub architecture ntawm cov tsev loj thiab cov qauv faib cov tsev nyob ntawm cov khoom siv rau hauv:
- metal;
- reinforced concrete;
- steel-reinforced concrete.
Ib zaj dab neeg feem ntau yog siv rau kev npaj ntawm kev lag luam hnyav.
txiaj ntsig:
- kev tsis sib xws ntawm teeb pom kev zoo;
- qis dua;
- siv tau txiaj ntsig siv cov av mos.
Flaws:
- cov nuj nqis tseem ceeb thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm nws tus kheej;
- kub poob vim qhov chaw;
- thaj chaw loj ntawm ib daim av.
Qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm 10 mus rau 30 meters yog suav tias yog qhov kev lag luam tshaj plaws. Yog tias tsim nyog, lawv tuaj yeem nce mus txog 50 meters.
Thaum xaiv qhov chaw ntawm cov tshuab thiab kab sib chaws ntawm txhua kab, koj yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account tig ntawm cov tsheb tsim khoom. Qhov nruab nrab, qhov no yog lub vojvoog ntawm 1.6 - 2.92 meters sab hauv thiab 2.5 - 5.44 - sab nraum.
Qhov siab hauv lub tsev nyob ntawm feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov qhov ntev ntawm crane (1.6 -3.4 meters).
Phau ntawv qhia txog kev tsim vaj tsev loj thiab cov vaj tse kuj piav qhia tias rau kev tsim lub tsev ib-zaj dab neeg, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom muaj kev sib pauv huab cua txaus. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov cua sov uas tau xaiv zoo thiab cov khoom siv cua (qhov cua thiab qhov rais).
Ntau lub tsev loj-ntev muaj lawv tus yam ntxwv.
Lawv yog:
- tsho tiv no thiabpem teb yog ua los ntawm pob zeb los yog hollow pob zeb;
- lub thav duab yog ua los ntawm cov ntsiab lus steel nrog cov kab hluav taws kub-resistant hauv ob sab phlu, nrog rau cov pob zeb muaj zog ntxiv;
- staircases, kawg phab ntsa thiab thav duab qauv coj los ntawm cua loads;
- Cib cladding npog nrog cement mortar nrog reinforced hlau mesh yuav muab kev tiv thaiv hluav taws rau steel dov profiles. Koj tseem tuaj yeem siv daim npog npog rau lub hom phiaj no.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kabmob-cov kabmob yog nqus cov khoom thauj.
Muab faib ua 5 yam ntawm cov kabmob ua haujlwm:
- Hauv cov duab (arches thiab shrouds). Cov no yog cov qauv curvilinear ntawm strained rigid lossis hloov tau yooj yim.
- Vector. Sab nraud loads yog sib npaug los ntawm cov compressive thiab tensile rog uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub nruj qhov chaw ntawm spatial thiab tiaj gratings.
- Los ntawm ntu (kab teeb, panels, thav duab). Cov qauv ua haujlwm feem ntau yog khoov. Kev thauj khoom sab nraud raug them los ntawm kev ntxhov siab uas tshwm sim hauv ntu ntu.
- Nyob rau saum npoo (folds thiab plhaub). Kev xaav ntawm sab nraud loads tshwm sim vim stretching, compression thiab shear.
- Los ntawm qhov siab (cov tsev siab siab ntawm cov ncej thiab qia hom).
Qhov kev faib tawm no tau suav sau los ntawm Heino Engel, tus sau cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev tsim kho rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv.
Av
Hais txog kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov vaj tse, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem zam qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsimthaj av. Rau qhov no, av lossis pob zeb yog siv - av. Nws yog ib qho system uas muaj ntau yam khoom uas zoo li hloov raws sijhawm. Nyob ntawm nws lub xeev ntuj, cov av yog ob hom:
1. Ntuj. Nws muaj peev xwm tiv taus lub nra ntawm nws daim ntawv ntuj.
2. Artificial. Qhov no yog ib yam khoom uas yog ntxiv compacted, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv nws lub ntuj lub xeev nws tsis muaj qhov tsim nyog bearing peev xwm. Av kev daws teeb meem - kev hloov tsis sib xws, deformation ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev. Subsidence yog ib qho kev hloov pauv tsis sib xws hauv cov av vim nws cov compaction, deformation ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov av los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv sab nraud.
Nws yog categorically tsis yooj yim sua kom tso cai xws li phenomena raws li subsidence, vim hais tias lawv entail lem ntawm lub hauv paus, ua rau nws puas tsuaj. Yog li ntawd, qee qhov kev cai rau tus nqi sediment tau raug tsim. Lawv txawv ntawm 80 mus rau 150 mm. Lub hauv paus yuav tsum muaj raws li hauv qab no:
- muaj peev xwm zoo;
- me me compressibility;
- tsis muaj qhov nce ntxiv thaum cov dej noo khov (cov txheej txheem zoo li no hu ua heaving);
- tshem tawm ntawm kev tawg thiab yaig los ntawm dej hauv av;
- zam kev rub tawm thiab tsaws av;
- tsis creep.
Soils yog:
- sandy;
- loj yas;
- clay;
- bulk;
- loess;
- rock.
Educational literature
Muaj ntau phau ntawv kawm ntawm architecturecivil thiab industrial enterprises, cov tsev thiab cov qauv. Nov yog qee qhov ntawm lawv:
1. Phau ntawv N. P. Vilchik "Kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov vaj tse" muaj cov ntaub ntawv dav dav txog txhua hom tsev. Xav txog kev tsim cov qauv ntawm cov vaj tse, kev lag luam thiab kev ua liaj ua teb, nrog rau lawv cov kev tsim kho dua tshiab. Tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv 2005 raws li lub xeev cov qauv kev kawm ntawv theem nrab vocational kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub tshwj xeeb "Kev tsim kho thiab kev khiav hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev thiab cov qauv".
2. Phau ntawv kawm los ntawm E. N. Belokonev "Fundamentals of architecture of the buildings and structures"
Muaj cov ntaub ntawv luv luv txog keeb kwm, tsim cov tsev thiab cov qauv.
Cov tsev tsim vaj tsev loj thiab cov vaj tsev sib tham tau nthuav dav hauv phau ntawv kawm los ntawm A. N. Zverev "Large-span ru tsev ntawm pej xeem thiab cov tsev lag luam". Lwm yam kev pab raug siv:
- A. V. Demina, "Lub tsev nrog lub ru tsev ntev".
- I. A. Shereshevsky, "Kev tsim kho vaj tse."
YYu. I. Kudishin, E. I. Belenya, "Metal constructions".
Cov phau ntawv qhia txog kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov qauv tsim rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qib siab thiab tsev kawm qib siab hauv thaj chaw ib puag ncig thiab kev tsim kho, nrog rau cov tuam txhab tsim kho thiab cov neeg tsim kho ib leeg.
Tsim cov duab
Geometry hauv architecture ntawm cov tsev thiab cov qauv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, vim tias kev ntseeg siab thiab ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov qauv ncaj qha nyob ntawm nws.
Txog tam sim no, Egyptianpyramids.
Nws yog cov duab ntawm lub ntsej muag plaub lub ntsej muag uas muab kev ruaj ntseg zoo tshaj plaws.
Cov kab teeb tsa tom qab yog qhov qub tshaj plaws hauv cov duab kos duab ntawm cov tsev thiab cov qauv. Nws muaj cov pas nrig-cov kabmob uas tuaj yeem nyob hauv vertically (kem thiab ncej) thiab kab rov tav (ib qho tshwj xeeb bar uas ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov raws li lub zog ntawm ntsug loads).
Cov ncej muaj cov kab thiab kab teeb, uas tau koom ua ke los ntawm cov kab rov tav nyuaj disks thiab ntsug braces.
Hloov pauv hauv kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov vaj tse tshwm sim hauv kev sib koom tes ntawm qhov project ntawm kev tsim kho dua tshiab. Thaum lawv ua tiav, nws muaj peev xwm hloov cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov yas ntawm cov khoom sab nraud, nrog rau kev tsim thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm qhov rais thiab qhov rooj qhib, kev teeb tsa ntawm cov cuab yeej siv sab nraud, glazing ntawm loggias thiab balconies..
Kev txhim kho yog ua tiav txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw.
Cov vaj tse ntawm pej xeem thiab kev lag luam vaj tse thiab cov qauv cuam tshuam nrog kev siv nyiaj txiag loj. Lawv tuaj yeem txo tau ntau txoj hauv kev:
- qauv tsim;
- txoj kev tsim kho zoo tshaj plaws;
- xaiv cov khoom tsim nyog.
Qhov chaw nyob thiab thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam
Yuav tsum muaj rau thaj chaw thaj chaw:
- tsis yog cua daj cua dub;
- nyob rau sab sauv ntawm tus dej thiab struts;
- ua yam tsawg kawg 50 meters sib nrug ntawm thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam dhau los ntawm kab ntsuab.
- thaj chaw tsim khoom yuav tsumnyob rau sab leeward (nyob rau hauv relation to lub tsev), downstream ntawm tus dej ntws thiab lub nyem.
Kev ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev yog ua raws li cov lus pom zoo ntawm RF Lub Xeev Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Vaj Tsev thiab Kev Tsim Kho Txoj Cai. Lawv muaj feem xyuam nrog kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev npaj ua haujlwm rau kev tsim thiab kev tsim vaj tsev, vaj tse thiab lawv cov complexes.
Txoj haujlwm no yog hais txog cov ntaub ntawv uas yog lub hauv paus rau kev tau txais daim ntawv tso cai tsim tsev. Pab tswj thiab tswj kev nqis peev kev tsim kho thiab kev siv av.
Lub hauv paus rau kev tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev npaj:
- thov cov neeg siv khoom;
- nqis peev kev ncaj ncees;
- kev txiav txim siab ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm;
- ib txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ua tswv cuab ntawm ib thaj av.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev tsim vaj tsev thiab cov vaj tsev yog qhov compactness ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, kev sib txuas yooj yim nrog txoj kev thiab lwm yam kev lag luam complexes.
