Cawv cawv ntawm iodine … Txij li thaum yau, ib tug paub zoo pab rau khawb, abrasions thiab txiav rau tag nrho cov me nyuam thiab lawv niam lawv txiv. Nws yog ib tug ceev thiab zoo tus neeg sawv cev uas cauterizes thiab disinfects lub qhov txhab. Txawm li cas los xij, thaj tsam ntawm cov tshuaj tsis txwv rau cov tshuaj, vim tias cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm iodine muaj ntau haiv neeg. Lub hom phiaj ntawm peb tsab xov xwm yog kom paub meej ntxiv.
Lub cev yam ntxwv
Ib yam khoom yooj yim zoo li cov xim liab tsaus. Thaum rhuab, vim lub peculiarities ntawm sab hauv cov qauv siv lead ua lattice, uas yog lub xub ntiag ntawm molecules nyob rau hauv nws cov nodes, lub compound tsis yaj, tab sis tam sim ntawd ua vapors. Qhov no yog sublimation los yog sublimation. Nws tau piav qhia los ntawm kev sib cog lus tsis muaj zog ntawm cov molecules hauv cov siv lead ua, uas tau yooj yim sib cais los ntawm ib leeg - ib theem gaseous ntawm cov khoom tsim. Tus naj npawb ntawm iodine nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub sij hawm yog 53. Thiab nws txoj hauj lwm ntawm lwm yam tshuaj hais qhiabelongs rau cov hlau tsis muaj hlau. Cia peb nyob ntawm qhov teeb meem no ntxiv.
Qhov chaw ntawm lub ntsiab lus hauv Lub Sijhawm Sijhawm
Iodine yog nyob rau lub sijhawm thib tsib, pawg VII thiab, nrog rau cov tshuaj fluorine, chlorine, bromine thiab astatine ua ib pawg ntawm halogens. Vim tias qhov nce ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob nuclear thiab atomic radius, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm halogens muaj qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau, yog li iodine tsis tshua muaj zog dua li chlorine lossis bromine, thiab nws cov electronegativity kuj qis dua. Lub atomic loj ntawm iodine yog 126, 9045. Ib yam khoom yooj yim yog sawv cev los ntawm diatomic molecules, zoo li lwm yam halogens. Hauv qab no peb yuav tau paub txog cov qauv ntawm lub atom ntawm lub caij.
Txoj kev ntawm cov qauv hluav taws xob
Tsib qib zog thiab qhov kawg ntawm lawv yuav luag tag nrog cov hluav taws xob paub meej tias lub caij tau tshaj tawm cov cim ntawm cov hlau tsis yog hlau. Zoo li lwm yam halogens, iodine yog ib qho muaj zog oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev, tshem tawm ntawm cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis muaj zog - sulfur, carbon, nitrogen - electron uas ploj lawm ua ntej ua tiav qib tsib.
Iodine yog cov hlau tsis yog hlau, hauv cov molecules uas muaj ib khub ntawm p-electrons uas khi atoms ua ke. Lawv qhov ntom ntom ntawm qhov sib tshooj yog qhov siab tshaj plaws, cov huab cua electron tsis txav mus rau ib qho ntawm cov atoms thiab nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov molecule. Ib qho tsis-polar covalent daim ntawv cog lus yog tsim, thiab cov molecule nws tus kheej muaj ib tug linear duab. Hauv halogen series, los ntawm fluorine mus rau astatine, lub zog ntawm covalent daim ntawv cog lus txo qis. Muaj qhov txo qis hauv tus nqi enthalpy, uas qhov lwj ntawm lub ntsiab molecules rau hauv atoms nyob ntawm. Qhov no cuam tshuam dab tsi rau cov khoom siv tshuaj iodine?
Vim li cas iodine qis dua li lwm cov halogens
Lub reactivity ntawm non-metals yog txiav txim los ntawm lub zog ntawm attraction rau lub nucleus ntawm lawv tus kheej atom ntawm txawv teb chaws electrons. Qhov me me ntawm lub vojvoog ntawm ib lub atom, qhov siab dua qhov electrostatic attraction rog ntawm nws cov nqi tsis zoo ntawm lwm cov atoms. Qhov siab dua tus naj npawb ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub caij, lub zog ntau zog nws yuav muaj. Iodine yog nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib lub sij hawm, thiab nws muaj ntau zog txheej tshaj bromine, chlorine thiab fluorine. Tias yog vim li cas cov iodine molecule muaj cov atoms uas muaj lub vojvoog loj dua li cov halogens uas tau teev tseg dhau los. Tias yog vim li cas kuv2 cov khoom nyiam cov hluav taws xob tsis muaj zog, uas ua rau tsis muaj zog ntawm lawv cov khoom tsis yog hlau. Internal qauv ntawm ib yam khoom inevitably cuam tshuam nws lub cev yam ntxwv. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv tshwj xeeb.
Sublimation thiab solubility
Kev txo qis kev sib nrig sib nyiam ntawm iodine atoms hauv nws cov molecule coj, raws li peb tau hais ua ntej, kom tsis muaj zog ntawm lub zog ntawm covalent non-polar bond. Muaj qhov txo qis hauv qhov tsis kam ntawm qhov sib xyaw kom kub thiab nce hauv thermal dissociation ntawm nws cov molecules. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm halogen: kev hloov ntawm ib yam khoom thaum rhuab los ntawm lub xeev ruaj khov tam sim ntawd mus rau lub xeev gaseous, piv txwv li sublimation yog lub ntsiab lub cev yam ntxwv ntawm iodine. Nws solubility hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic, xws li carbon disulfide, benzene, ethanol, yog siab dua hauv dej. Yog li, hauv 100 g dej ntawm 20 ° C, tsuas yog 0.02 g tuaj yeem yajtshuaj. Qhov no feature yog siv nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam extract iodine los ntawm ib tug aqueous tov. Co nws nrog me me ntawm H2S, koj tuaj yeem saib cov xim ntshav ntawm hydrogen sulfide vim kev hloov pauv ntawm halogen molecules rau hauv nws.
tshuaj lom neeg ntawm iodine
Thaum cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau, lub caij ib txwm coj zoo ib yam. Nws attracts valence electrons ntawm cov hlau atom, uas yog nyob rau ntawm lub xeem lub zog txheej (s-cov ntsiab lus, xws li sodium, calcium, lithium, thiab lwm yam), los yog nyob rau hauv lub penultimate txheej uas muaj, piv txwv li, d-electrons. Cov no suav nrog hlau, manganese, tooj liab thiab lwm yam. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, cov hlau yuav yog tus neeg sawv cev txo qis, thiab iodine, uas nws cov tshuaj formula yog I 2, yuav yog tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov khoom siv yooj yim uas yog vim li cas rau nws kev cuam tshuam nrog ntau cov hlau.
Qhov tseem ceeb yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm iodine nrog dej thaum rhuab. Hauv qhov nruab nrab alkaline, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib nrog kev tsim ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm iodide thiab iodic acids. Cov tshuaj tom kawg nthuav tawm cov khoom ntawm cov kua qaub uas muaj zog thiab, thaum lub cev qhuav dej, hloov mus ua iodine pentoxide. Yog tias cov tshuaj yog acidified, ces cov tshuaj tiv thaiv saum toj no cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg los tsim cov tshuaj thawj zaug - dawb molecules I2 thiab dej. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no belongs rau hom redox, nws nthuav tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm iodine ua tus neeg sawv cev muaj zog oxidizing.
Qualitative starch reaction
Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si inorganic thiab organic chemistry, muaj ib pab pawg ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nrog kev pab los ntawmuas tuaj yeem raug txheeb xyuas hauv cov khoom sib cuam tshuam tej yam yooj yim lossis nyuaj ions. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas macromolecules ntawm complex carbohydrate - starch - 5% cawv tov ntawm I2 feem ntau siv. Piv txwv li, ob peb tee ntawm nws yog dripped mus rau ib daim ntawm cov qos yaj ywm nyoos, thiab cov xim ntawm cov tshuaj yuav xiav. Peb soj ntsuam tib cov nyhuv thaum ib yam khoom nkag mus rau cov khoom uas muaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, uas ua rau xiav iodine, yog dav siv hauv cov organic chemistry kom paub meej tias muaj cov polymer hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke.
Cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm iodine thiab hmoov txhuv nplej siab tau paub ntev. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv tsis muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau kev kho mob raws plab, gastric ulcers nyob rau hauv remission, kab mob ntawm lub pa system. Cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, muaj kwv yees li 1 teaspoon ntawm cov tshuaj iodine cawv rau 200 ml dej, tau siv dav vim qhov pheej yig ntawm cov khoom xyaw thiab yooj yim ntawm kev npaj.
Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias xiav iodine yog contraindicated nyob rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm cov menyuam yaus, cov neeg muaj kev ntxhov siab rau cov tshuaj uas muaj iodine, nrog rau cov neeg mob Graves' disease.
Yuav ua li cas cov hlau tsis sib haum nrog ib leeg
Ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm pawg tseem ceeb ntawm pawg VII, iodine reacts nrog fluorine, cov nquag nquag tsis yog hlau nrog qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm oxidation. Cov txheej txheem tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov txias thiab yog nrog los ntawm kev tawg. Nrog hydrogen, I2 cuam tshuam nrog cov cua sov muaj zog, thiab tsis tag, cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv - HI - pib decompose rau hauv cov tshuaj pib. Hydroiodic acid yog qhov muaj zog heev thiab txawm hais tias zoo sib xws hauv cov yam ntxwv rau hydrochloric acid, nws tseem pom cov cim qhia ntau dua ntawm tus neeg sawv cev txo qis. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm iodine yog vim nws cov khoom tsis muaj hlau, txawm li cas los xij, lub caij tsis zoo hauv oxidizing muaj peev xwm rau bromine, chlorine thiab, ntawm chav kawm, fluorine.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub ntsiab hauv cov kab mob muaj sia
Cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj ntawm ions I- yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov thyroid caj pas, uas lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov thyroid-stimulating hormones: thyroxine thiab triiodothyronine. Lawv tswj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov pob txha cov ntaub so ntswg, kev ua ntawm cov hlab ntsha impulses, thiab cov metabolic tus nqi. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus ntshai yog tsis muaj iodine-muaj cov tshuaj hormones nyob rau hauv thaum yau, txij li thaum lub hlwb retardation thiab cov tsos mob ntawm tus kab mob xws li cretinism yog ua tau.
Tsis txaus tso tawm ntawm thyroxin hauv cov neeg laus yog cuam tshuam nrog iodine deficiency hauv dej thiab zaub mov. Nws yog nrog los ntawm cov plaub hau poob, tsim ntawm edema, thiab ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub cev ua si. Ib qho dhau ntawm cov khoom hauv lub cev kuj yog qhov txaus ntshai heev, raws li Graves' kab mob txhim kho, cov tsos mob uas yog excitability ntawm lub paj hlwb, tshee hnyo, thiab yuag poob hnyav.
Cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm iodine tebchaw muaj nyob hauv qee cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Cov nroj tsuag qis - xim av thiab liab algae - sau lawv hauv lawv cov thallus. Ntawm cov nroj tsuag siab dua, qaub cherries, persimmons, hnub thiab beets yog cov tuav ntaub ntawv rau tsub zuj zuj ntawm iodine. Cov nqaij nruab deg thiab ntses hiav txwv muaj ntau lub ntsiab.
Kev faib tawm ntawm iodide hauv cov xwm txheej thiab txoj hauv kev kom tau txais cov tshuaj ntshiab
Cov feem ntau ntawm cov khoom muaj nyob hauv cov kab mob muaj sia thiab lub plhaub ntawm lub ntiaj teb - hydrosphere thiab lithosphere - nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev khi. Muaj cov ntsev ntawm cov khoom hauv dej hiav txwv, tab sis lawv cov concentration yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb, yog li nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los rho tawm cov iodine ntshiab los ntawm nws. Nws yog qhov ua tau zoo dua kom tau txais cov khoom siv los ntawm cov tshauv ntawm cov xim av algae: fucus, kelp, sargassum.
Ntawm qhov ntsuas kev lag luam, I 2 yog cais tawm ntawm cov dej hauv av thaum cov txheej txheem roj rho tawm. Thaum lub sij hawm ua ntawm qee cov ores, xws li Chilean s altpeter, poov tshuaj iodates thiab hypoiodates muaj nyob rau hauv nws, los ntawm cov ntshiab iodine yog tom qab rho tawm. Nws yog qhov zoo heev kom tau txais I 2los ntawm kev daws ntawm hydrogen iodine los ntawm oxidizing nws nrog chlorine. Qhov sib xyaw ua ke yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam kws tshuaj.
Ntxiv rau qhov twb tau hais lawm 5% cawv daws ntawm iodine, uas tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho yooj yim, tab sis kuj muaj ntsev - potassium iodide, nrog rau cawv thiab dej, hauv endocrinology, rau kev kho mob, tshuaj xws li Raws li "Iodine-active" thiab "Iodomarin".
Hauv thaj chaw uas muaj cov ntsiab lus qis ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntuj, ntxiv rau iodized rooj ntsev, koj tuaj yeem siv cov tshuaj xws li Antistrumine. Nws muaj cov khoom xyaw nquag - potassium iodide - thiab tau pom zoo ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siv los tiv thaiv cov tsos mob ntawm goiter endemic.
