Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub ntawm kev ua cov khoom siv uas hloov daim ntawv rau cov pov thawj Iyiv thiab cov thawj coj tau tsis nco qab ntau pua xyoo lawm. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog lub xeev monopoly rau zus tau tej cov papyrus thiab mob siab rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm secrets ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua, tab sis kuj kev nyab xeeb kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub Nile Delta thiab ib puag ncig teeb meem. Raws li qhov tshwm sim tom kawg, papyrus hauv tebchaws Iziv xyaum tuag tawm. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th uas txaus siab rau Hassan Ragab tau saib xyuas ntawm reviving cov nroj tsuag no thiab tshawb txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm nws siv. Nws yog ua tsaug rau nws txoj kev tshawb fawb tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua papyrus paub rau cov txiv neej niaj hnub.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm papyrus rau cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub
Cov nroj tsuag uas muaj dej noo-hlub muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov nplooj thiab zoo li kev txaus siab, ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los tsim cov thickets zoo nkauj ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Nile hauv nws qhov qis dua. Papyrus yog lub siab, du tua crowned nrog "umbrella" ntawm nqaim lanceolate nplooj. Papyrus inflorescence zoo li tus kiv cua, muaj ntau yam spikelets. Lub trihedral papyrus qia yog nruj,hloov tau thiab ruaj khov.
Nws tau siv los ua cov khoom siv rau rooj tog, nkoj, rafts. Cov hlua, pob tawb, khau tau ua los ntawm lub plhaub. Cov cag qhuav ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau siv los ua roj. Qhov muag ntawm qhov tua, uas nyob hauv qab dej, tau noj. Ib feem yog zoo tagnrho rau ua "daim ntawv".
Papyrus ua cov kauj ruam: splitting, "assembling", ziab hauv siab, polishing, gluing
Qhov qis ntawm qia tau tev tawm, tso cov tawv nqaij, fibrous thiab nplaum. Nws tau muab faib ua nyias daim hlau 40-50 cm ntev.
Cov phaj tiav (cov khoom ntim) tau muab tso rau ntawm lub tiaj tiaj uas npog nrog cov ntaub thiab tawv: thawj txheej yog sib npaug rau ntawm ntug ntawm lub rooj, qhov thib ob yog perpendicular. Thaum xub thawj, qhov dav ntawm daim ntawv tiav tsis muaj ntau tshaj 15 cm, tab sis tom qab ntawd cov neeg Iyiv tau kawm yuav ua li cas thiaj li ua tau zoo nkauj canvases. Thaum cov txheej txheem tso, cov khoom tau ntub dej los ntawm Nile.
Tom qab ntawd cov nplooj ntawv tau muab tso rau hauv qab xovxwm. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau ua ke, thiab cov papyrus ua nyias thiab sib xws.
Nuances and me-paub facts
Dab tsi yog tshuab ua papyrus, nws yooj yim los piav. Tag nrho cov complex nteg nyob rau hauv lub nuances. Yog li ntawd, ntev npaum li cas cov papyrus tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv siab los yog pre-soaked, lub darker nws tig tawm. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsis txhob ncua cov txheej txheem: cov neeg Iyiv nyiam cov khoom siv teeb. Daim ntawv saum npookho nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb compound uas tiv thaiv tus number case los ntawm kis. Nws yog tsim los ntawm vinegar, hmoov nplej thiab boiling dej. Tshem tawm cov nplooj ntawv tawm hauv qab cov xovxwm, cov kws ua haujlwm muab lawv nrog cov hammers tshwj xeeb thiab smoothed lawv nrog polishing pob zeb, daim ntoo lossis pob txha. Npaj papyri tau qhuav nyob rau hauv lub hnub. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau muab khi ua ke los ua ib qho scroll. Cov neeg Iyiv tau mloog zoo rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov fibers, yog li nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom ntes tau "seam". Lawv sau, raws li txoj cai, ntawm ib sab (uas tom qab Loos hu ua recto). Kev tsim cov papyrus nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt tau muab tso rau hauv kwj dej. Lawv muag hauv yob: "txiav" thiab "los ntawm qhov hnyav".
papyrus hauv antiquity
"Pa per aa", lossis "cov khoom ntawm vaj", - thiaj li hu ua lawv "daim ntawv" cov neeg Iyiv lawv tus kheej. Lawv pib siv papyrus thaum ntxov li 3 xyoo txhiab BC. e. Cov Greeks qiv lub sij hawm, me ntsis hloov nws cov lus. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tim lyiv teb chaws muab tag nrho lub ntiaj teb thaum ub nrog papyrus, thiab qhov no txuas ntxiv mus txog 800 AD. e. Decrees, artistic thiab kev cai dab qhuas ntawv sau rau nws, muaj yeeb yuj illustrations tau ua. Nyob rau xyoo pua 1 A. D. e. tus kws sau keeb kwm Pliny tus Txwj Laug hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Natural History" tau kov cov lus nug ntawm dab tsi yog lub tshuab ua papyrus. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv nws tau muab yog meager kom rov kho cov khoom siv tes ua.
Raws li Strabo thiab Pliny, muaj ntau yam papyrus. Lub Yim Hli, Livy thiab Hieratic tau suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum lub sijhawm Roman faj tim teb chaws. Ua rawsamphitheatre (Alexandrian), Saite thiab Teneot. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau npaj rau kev sau ntawv. Cov neeg Iyiv kuj tau pauv "cov ntawv lag luam" - pheej yig "wrapping" papyrus.
Kev txhawb siab ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua zais cia
"Yuav ua li cas yog lub tshuab ua papyrus?" - Cov lus nug no tau pib txhawj xeeb Hassan Ragab, tus kws tshaj lij Iyiv rau ntawm Celestial Empire, thaum nws ntsib ib tsev neeg Suav uas koom nrog kev tsim cov ntawv hauv ib txwm muaj. Qhov no yog xyoo 1956. Rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws, Ragab yuav av rau cog, nqa papyrus hauv zos los ntawm Sudan thiab koom nrog kev tshawb fawb. Ragab thiab nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tau ua tiav hauv kev ua papyrus uas tsis yog qhov ua tau zoo rau cov qauv qub tshaj plaws. Cov neeg txawj ntse Iyiv cov kws kos duab pleev xim rau ntawm nws: cov ntawv luam ntawm cov duab kos pom hauv lub qhov ntxa thiab cov haujlwm qub.
Nws tseem nyuaj hais tias cov Ragaba papyrus niaj hnub no yuav ua tau ntev npaum li cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev nyab xeeb tau hloov pauv, nws tau dhau los ua av noo, thiab papyrus deteriorates los ntawm noo noo. Nws tseem tsis tau paub meej npaum li cas Ragab rov tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm papyrus tsim. Tej zaum nws coj tej yam ntawm nws tus kheej rau nws. Tab sis, ib txoj kev los sis lwm qhov, cov ntawv teev lus niaj hnub thiab cov vaj huam sib luag zoo nkauj tau muag zoo, thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev siv tshuab papyrus muaj rau txhua tus neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uas xav paub.
