Txhua tus neeg niaj hnub ntsib txhua hnub nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm "khoom" thiab "tus qauv". Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv yog ob qho tib si siv tau los kov (phau ntawv, lub ntiaj teb, rooj, cwj mem, cwj mem) thiab nkag tsis tau (hnub qub, ntuj, meteorites), cov khoom ntawm kev muaj tswv yim zoo nkauj thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws (kev sau paj huam, kev daws teeb meem, tha xim, suab paj nruag thiab lwm yam.). Ntxiv mus, txhua yam khoom raug pom los ntawm ib tus neeg nkaus xwb.
Object. Hom. Features
Raws li cov lus saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias cov khoom yog ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraud, uas tuaj yeem pom tau tias tag nrho. Txhua yam khoom ntawm kev nkag siab muaj nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv uas txawv ntawm lwm tus (zoo li, qhov dav, xim, tsw, qhov loj, thiab lwm yam). Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm ib qho khoom yog nws lub npe, tab sis lub npe ib leeg tsis txaus rau qhov ua tiav cov lus piav qhia ntawm nws. Qhov ntau thiab nthuav dav cov khoom tau piav qhia, qhov yooj yim ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm nws qhov kev lees paub.
qauv. Txhais. Classification
Hauv lawv cov haujlwm (kev kawm, kev tshawb fawb,artistic, technological) ib tug neeg niaj hnub siv uas twb muaj lawm thiab tsim tshiab qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Lawv tso cai rau koj los tsim ib qho kev xav ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab cov khoom uas tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau kev nkag siab ncaj qha (me me lossis, hloov pauv, loj heev, qeeb lossis nrawm heev, deb heev, thiab lwm yam).
Yog li, tus qauv yog ib yam khoom uas qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tshwm sim, khoom lossis txheej txheem uas tau kawm. Nws tuaj yeem muaj ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm tib yam khoom, ib yam li ob peb yam khoom tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm ib qho qauv. Piv txwv li, qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws tshwm sim hauv kev siv tshuab, thaum lub cev sib txawv nrog cov khoom siv plhaub tuaj yeem qhia tau los ntawm cov khoom siv, uas yog, tib tus qauv (tus neeg, tsheb, tsheb ciav hlau, dav hlau).
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tsis muaj tus qauv tuaj yeem hloov pauv yam khoom uas tau piav qhia, vim nws tsuas yog qhia qee yam ntawm nws cov khoom. Tab sis qee zaum, thaum daws qee qhov teeb meem ntawm ntau yam kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam, cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov tsos ntawm tus qauv tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis tib txoj hauv kev los nthuav qhia thiab kawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib qho khoom.
Scope ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm cov qauv khoom
Qauv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg lub neej: hauv kev tshawb fawb, kev kawm, kev lag luam, tsim thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li, yog tsis muaj lawv siv, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau tsim thiab sib sau ua ke cov cuab yeej siv, mechanisms, hluav taws xob circuits, tshuab, tsev, thiab lwm yam, txij li thaum tsis muaj kev xam ua ntej thiab.kev tsim cov duab kos, tso tawm txawm tias qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws yog ua tsis tau.
Cov qauv feem ntau siv rau kev kawm. Lawv hu ua piav qhia. Piv txwv li, los ntawm geography, ib tug neeg tau txais lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua ib lub ntiaj teb los ntawm kev kawm ib lub ntiaj teb. Cov qauv pom pom kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau lwm yam kev tshawb fawb (chemistry, physics, lej, biology, thiab lwm yam).
Thiab, cov qauv theoretical xav tau hauv kev kawm txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm ntuj thiab tiag (biology, chemistry, physics, geometry). Lawv qhia txog cov khoom, tus cwj pwm thiab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom uas tau kawm.
qauv raws li txheej txheem
qauv yog ib txoj hauv kev paub txog uas suav nrog kev kawm txog cov uas twb muaj lawm thiab tsim cov qauv tshiab. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb no yog tus qauv. Cov qauv hom yog ranked raws li ntau yam khoom. Raws li koj paub, txhua yam khoom muaj ntau yam ntxwv. Thaum tsim ib qho qauv tshwj xeeb, tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev daws cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb.
Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim qauv yog kev kos duab muaj tswv yim hauv txhua qhov sib txawv. Hauv qhov no, yuav luag txhua qhov kev kos duab lossis kev sau ntawv tuaj yeem suav tias yog tus qauv ntawm cov khoom tiag. Piv txwv li, paintings yog cov qauv ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes tiag tiag, tseem lub neej, tib neeg, kev sau ntawv yog cov qauv ntawm tib neeg lub neej, thiab lwm yam. Piv txwv li, thaum tsim ib tug qauv ntawm ib lub dav hlau nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kawm txog nws aerodynamic zoo, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj kev cuam tshuam cov geometric zog ntawm tus thawj nyob rau hauv nws, tab sis nws cov xim yog kiag li tsis tseem ceeb.
Cov khoom tib yam yog kawm los ntawm kev tshawb fawb sib txawv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv, thiab raws li, lawv hom qauv rau kev kawm kuj yuav txawv. Piv txwv li, physics kawm txog cov txheej txheem thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom, chemistry - cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, biology - tus cwj pwm thiab cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob.
qauv piv rau lub sijhawm
Hais txog lub sijhawm, cov qauv muab faib ua ob hom: zoo li qub thiab dynamic. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm thawj hom yog kev kuaj ib zaug ntawm ib tus neeg hauv tsev kho mob. Nws nthuav tawm daim duab ntawm nws lub xeev kev noj qab haus huv tam sim no, thaum nws cov ntaub ntawv kho mob yuav yog tus qauv zoo, qhia txog cov kev hloov pauv tshwm sim hauv lub cev dhau lub sijhawm.
Model. Hom qauv hais txog cov duab
Raws li nws twb paub meej lawm, cov qauv tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv sib txawv. Yog li, txhua yam tam sim no paub cov ntaub ntawv qauv tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob chav kawm: cov khoom siv (lub hom phiaj) thiab cov ntaub ntawv.
Thawj qhov pom qhia lub cev, geometric thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm cov khoom hauv cov khoom siv (tus qauv anatomical, lub ntiaj teb, qauv tsim, thiab lwm yam).
Hom qauv cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev siv: kos npe thiab duab. Cov qauv duab (daim duab, kos duab, thiab lwm yam) yog qhov pom kev pom ntawm cov khoom kho ntawm ib qho nruab nrab (duab, zaj duab xis, ntawv lossis digital).
Lawv tau siv dav hauv cov txheej txheem kev kawm (cov ntawv tshaj tawm), hauv kev kawm ntau yamsciences (botany, biology, paleontology thiab lwm yam). Cov qauv kos npe yog kev ua tiav ntawm cov khoom hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov cim ntawm ib qho ntawm cov kab lus paub. Lawv tuaj yeem nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov qauv, ntawv nyeem, rooj, daim duab kos, thiab lwm yam. Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum, thaum tsim cov qauv qauv (hom qauv qhia raws nraim cov ntsiab lus uas yuav tsum tau kawm qee yam ntawm cov khoom), ob peb yam lus paub zoo siv ib zaug. Ib qho piv txwv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog ntau cov duab, kab kos, daim duab qhia chaw thiab cov zoo li, qhov twg ob qho tib si duab cim thiab cov cim ntawm ib qho ntawm cov lus siv.
Yuav kom muaj kev cuam tshuam cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub neej, peb hom ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog siv: network, hierarchical thiab tabular. Ntawm cov no, qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog tom kawg, siv los ntes ntau lub xeev ntawm cov khoom thiab lawv cov ntaub ntawv yam ntxwv.
Tabular siv ntawm tus qauv
Cov qauv ntaub ntawv no, raws li tau hais los saum toj no, yog lub npe nrov tshaj plaws. Nws zoo li qhov no: nws yog ib lub rooj plaub zoo tib yam uas muaj cov kab thiab kab, cov kab uas muaj cov cim ntawm ib qho ntawm cov lus paub ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Tabular qauv yog siv los qhia cov khoom uas muaj tib yam khoom.
Nrog lawv cov kev pab, ob qho tib si dynamic thiab zoo li qub qauv tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, cov rooj uas muaj kev ua lej, ntau yam txheeb cais, lub caij tsheb ciav hlau, thiab lwm yam.
Mathqauv. Hom qauv
Cov qauv lej yog ib hom qauv ntaub ntawv cais. Txhua hom kev ua lej feem ntau muaj qhov sib npaug sau ua lus ntawm algebra. Txoj kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov teeb meem no, raws li txoj cai, yog ua raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav qhov sib npaug ntawm cov kev hloov pauv uas ua rau muaj kev qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv. Kuj tseem muaj cov kev daws teeb meem rau qee qhov sib npaug (square, linear, trigonometric, thiab lwm yam). Raws li qhov tshwm sim, txhawm rau daws lawv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum siv cov kev daws teeb meem nrog kwv yees qhov tseeb qhov tseeb, ua lwm yam lus, xws li cov ntaub ntawv lej xws li cov lej (ib nrab faib txoj kev), duab (plotting graphs) thiab lwm yam. Nws raug nquahu kom siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib ib nrab nkaus xwb ntawm cov xwm txheej uas ntu tau paub, qhov twg qhov kev ua haujlwm yuav siv cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau qee qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kab zauv.
Thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj yog koom ua ke. Nws tuaj yeem siv tau ob qho tib si hauv rooj plaub uas tau piav qhia saum toj no, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej uas qhov kev daws tsuas tuaj yeem kwv yees, thiab tsis yog qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm qhov hu ua " ntxhib" tov ntawm kev sib npaug.
