Txhua tus neeg lub neej muaj lub suab sib txawv. Cov no yog cov suab nrov ntawm txoj kev, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, suab paj nruag thiab hais lus. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "suab" yuav raug txhais los ntawm qhov pom ntawm acoustics. Cia peb pib nrog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, suab yog lub cev tshwm sim (nws propagates nyob rau hauv nthwv dej nyob rau hauv ib tug gaseous, kua thiab khoom nruab nrab), perceived los ntawm tib neeg pob ntseg. Suab paj nruag thiab kev sib haum xeeb yog tsim los ntawm cov suab paj nruag, thiab cov suab hais lus yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus nrog cov yam ntxwv zoo.
Ntau lub suab
Nws muaj peev xwm faib tau rau hauv kev hais lus, suab paj nruag thiab suab nrov (lawv muaj ntau pawg sub thiab gradations). Feem ntau yog cov suab ntawm pawg thib peb, uas nyob ib puag ncig tus neeg hauv lub neej txhua hnub (qhov xwm txheej, ib tus tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm lub nroog txoj kev, ib puag ncig hauv tsev, ib puag ncig animate thiab inanimate xwm). Feem ntau hais lus, suab yog qhov pom los ntawm pob ntseg (txawm tias qee lub suab tsis tuaj yeem hnov los ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub pob ntseg).
Parameters
Tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm txhua lub suab ntawm tus neeg yog kawm los ntawm ib ceg ntawm physics li acoustics.
Vim lub suab yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev vibrations ntawm lub cev elastic, muaj qhov tsis zoo rau nws qhov ntsuas.
Zaj thiabspeed of sound
Tib neeg lub mloog pob ntseg tau kho kom pom tau qee qhov kev vibrations (16-20000 Hz). Piv txwv li, qhov zoo-paub tuning diav rawg (feem ntau yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug plug) yog tuned mus rau 440 Hz (Hertz), uas sib haum mus rau lub zaus ntawm oscillation ntawm ib tug tej yam suab paj nruas suab - qhov no yog lub "la" ntawm thawj. octave.
1 Hz yog ib qho oscillation ib ob. Tag nrho cov suab sab nraum lub suab nrov yog indistinguishable los ntawm tib neeg. Yog tias qhov no yog (txheej xwm) ntawm 0 txog 15 Hz, ces nws yog hu ua infrasound. Txhua qhov kev vibrations saum 20,000 hu ua ultrasonic.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub cev, lub suab muaj cov yam ntxwv xws li nrawm, uas, ua raws li cov cai yooj yim, nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev nthuav tawm nruab nrab (ntau qhov tseeb, ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv: kub, ntom, siab, xeev, thiab lwm yam..)
Wave amplitude
Yog tias qhov siab ntawm lub suab tshwm sim (high-low) nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm hertz, ces nws lub suab nrov nyob ntawm qhov amplitude ntawm oscillations. Qhov kev hloov hauv amplitude yog qhia hauv decibels. Tus decibel yog tus nqi txheeb ze uas qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov amplitude ntawm kev vibration nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm nce los yog txo (nrov los yog ntsiag to).
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev hais lus
Suab yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm kev hais lus kwj. Zoo li suab paj nruag, kev hais lus raug kaw siv qee yam cim - tsiaj ntawv. Tab sis yog hais tias nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag lub suab muaj plaub yam ntxwv tseem ceeb (qhov siab, ntev, timbre thiab nrov), ces hais lus muab faib ua vowels thiab consonants.
lus, uas yog ib tug nraaj sawv cev ntawm qhov ncauj hais lus. Qhov txawv ntawm cov vowels thiab consonants nyob rau hauv lawv tsim (los yog hais). Thawj yog tsim nrog kev pab los ntawm lub suab thiab thaum hais tawm cov cua ntws tsis ntsib obstacles nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev. Tab sis tom kawg yog tsim nrog kev pab ntawm lub suab thiab suab nrov (tsis kam ntawm obstacles rau huab cua ntws) los yog suab nrov xwb. Raws li cov yam ntxwv thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub suab hauv cov lus, lawv qhov kev faib tawm yog tsim.
Vaj
Cov npe nyob rau hauv kev faib cov vowels qhia txog kev koom tes hauv kev tsim cov suab ntawm qee lub cev ntawm lub cuab yeej hais lus thiab lawv txoj hauj lwm thaum hais lus.
Yog li, labialized suab txawv ntawm cov tsis yog labialized los ntawm kev koom tes hauv lawv cov kev tsim daim di ncauj (los ntawm Latin labium - di ncauj). Tab sis txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus nplaig raug coj mus rau hauv ntau txoj hauv kev.
Thawj yog qhov chaw ntawm tus nplaig txheeb ze rau ntsug: sab sauv, nruab nrab thiab qis. Raws li, tus nplaig yog nyob rau sab saum toj, nruab nrab thiab hauv qab. Kuj tseem muaj kab hauv ntej, nram qab thiab nruab nrab. Hauv thawj kis, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim suab yog muab rau lub ntsis ntawm tus nplaig, hauv qhov thib ob - mus rau hauv paus ntawm tus nplaig (nce mus rau lub palate), nyob rau hauv thib peb - mus rau sab nraum qab ntawm tus nplaig.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias muaj 10 lub suab hauv Lavxias, thiab tsuas yog 6 lub suab xwb. Qhov kev tsis sib haum no tshwm sim vim cov ntawv iotized, uas txhais tsis yog ib qho, tab sis ob lub suab ib zaug (E, Yo, Yu, Ya).
Cov lus sib dhos
Nov yog 34 lub suab thiab 23 tsab ntawv (2 ntawm lawv tsis qhia lub suab), uas faib los ntawm hardness thiab softness, sonority thiab lag ntseg.
Tsis muaj lub suab consonant hauv cov lustig lub suab hais lus mus rau qhov tsis muaj tseeb. Tab sis nrog tsis muaj cov lus, cov ntawv nyeem (tsawg kawg nkaus) tuaj yeem nyeem tau, txawm tias nyuaj heev.
Kev faib cov consonants ua raws tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus raws li vowels.
Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv Askiv
Nrog kev pab ntawm cov ntawv, cov lus hais ntawm qhov ncauj tau muab tso rau hauv cov lus sau. Cov no yog ob hom kev ua ub no, ze ze rau ib leeg, tab sis muaj lawv tus kheej txoj cai. Qhov no qhia meej txog qhov kev sim hauv daim ntawv nrog cov ntawv tsis raug.
Ntau tus menyuam kawm ntawv theem pib tsis tuaj yeem nyeem cov ntawv no kom kawg thiab nkag siab lub ntsiab lus, vim tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nyeem ntawv tsis yog siv tau txaus rau lawv. Tab sis cov neeg laus feem ntau pom qhov kev hloov ntawm cov ntawv tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Qhov peev xwm no tshwm sim tom qab cov kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus pib siv "ntawm lub tshuab" thiab tsis ua rau muaj teeb meem.
