Chelated cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntxhia hauv cov zaub mov zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg. Cov cuab yeej no yog siv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb rau kev tsim cov chiv thiab cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tsiaj. Hauv tshuaj, cov tshuaj no yog siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj noj.
"chelated form" txhais li cas?
Chelates yog ib qho nyuaj uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau ions zoo (lub hauv paus atom ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm complexing) nrog ligands uas tsim cov tshuaj sib xyaw nrog ntau hom biomolecules. Cias muab, chelates yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntxhia thiab cov organic complex. Ligands suav nrog cov amino acids, peptides, proteins, purines, porphyrins, macrolides, thiab lawv cov analogues hluavtaws (crown ethers, cryptands).
Chelating ligands yuav tsum muaj ntau tshaj 2 pawg ua haujlwm muaj peev xwm tsim cov ntawv cog lus thiab lub nplhaib qauv nrog cov hlau. Lo lus "chelate" los ntawm Latin chela ("claw"). Outwardly, cov duab ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw no zoo ib yam li cov claws ntawm ib tug crab tuav ib tug ntxhia.
Nyob rau hauv xwm, lub brightestCov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom porphyrin-based compounds yog tib neeg hemoglobin, qhov twg Fe (hlau chelate) thiab chlorophyll (magnesium chelate) ua qhov chaw ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm complexing. Niaj hnub nimno biochemical technologies ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus tau ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm xws tshuaj.
Examples
Muaj 3 pawg ntawm cov ntawv chelate (nyob ntawm qhov piv ntawm tus nqi ntawm ligand thiab cov hlau ion).
- Cationic. Cov neeg sawv cev tshaj plaws yog cov sib txuas ntawm polyamines nrog hlau ions. Tus neeg sawv cev liganding nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog nruab nrab, yog li tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov compound yog txiav txim los ntawm lub hauv paus ion.
- Anionic. Hom anionic chelates yog complexes raws li ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid (EDTA).
- Neutral (intra-complex compounds). Lub hauv paus zoo yog neutralized los ntawm kev ntxiv ib qho sib npaug ntawm cov ligands uas tsis zoo, yog li tsim ib qho "sab hauv ntsev".
Ntau cov hlau tsim cov chelates ruaj khov uas muaj peev xwm ua ke rau hauv cov tshuaj macromolecular. Cov nyhuv no yog siv rau cov synthesis ntawm multicomponent heev dispersed oxide cov ntaub ntawv siv rau zus tau tej cov dielectrics, high-temperature superconductors thiab coatings.
Biological properties
Chelated minerals yog cov khoom uas muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb, xws li:
- siab tiv thaiv ntau yam acidity ntawm ib puag ncig thiab nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob.
- zoo adsorption thiab solubility hauv dej.
- Kev ua haujlwm lom neeg ntawm cov hlau, txawv txawv rau lawv hauv lub xeev dawb.
- Tsawg toxicity piv rau lwm hom tshuaj.
- High bioavailability, i.e. zoo digestibility rau cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj.
- No insoluble sediment.
Minerals feem ntau absorbed nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv me, thiab daim ntawv chelate ruaj khov tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm hydrochloric acid nyob rau hauv lub plab. Cov cuab yeej no yog siv rau hauv tshuaj thiab tsiaj yug tsiaj los them nyiaj rau micronutrient deficiencies.
Production
Chelated forms of compounds yog tau los ntawm chelation (los yog chelation). Lo lus no feem ntau tsis lees paub hauv chemical science. Txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws yog sib tov cov tshuaj ntsev hlau nrog cov tshuaj chelate. Raws li yav tas los, organic tshuaj xws li:
- nitrilotriacetic, ethylenediaminetetraacetic thiab ethylene glycoltetraacetic acid;
- tris (carboxymethyl) ethylenediamine;
- lysine;
- methionine thiab lwm yam.
Yhydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid;
Amino acids thiab me peptides tau npaj los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm enzymes hauv chav kuaj. Thaum siv cov txheej txheem chelation, cov kev txwv hauv qab no raug coj mus rau hauv tus account:
- acidity ntawm ib puag ncig (yog tias tsim nyog, ntxiv alkali);
- temperature;
- khoom piv;
- amino acid solubility.
Cov dej nag chelate yog ntxuav hauv dej distilled thiab ces qhuav.
Agronomic applications
Chelated chiv muaj cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no:
- Kaw affinity nrog cov qauv lom, vim cov tshuaj yooj yim nkag mus rau cov cell membranes.
- Txhim kho solubility.
- Kev noj tsawg dua ntawm cov chiv chelated piv rau cov ntsev ib txwm.
- Muaj peev xwm ntawm ob lub hauv paus thiab foliar pub.
- Nco noob germination.
- Low phytotoxicity.
- Kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ntau theem ntawm av acidity.
- Zoo sib xws nrog lwm yam tshuaj, tshuaj tua kab.
Chelated hlau yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, vim tias cov khoom no muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntau dua li lwm cov hlau. Nws qhov tsis txaus ua rau muaj ntau yam kab mob, suav nrog chlorosis. Lwm cov chelates kuj tseem siv - tooj liab, zinc, boron, uas txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsim ntawm zes qe menyuam. Thaum pib ntawm lub caij loj hlob, nws raug nquahu kom pub nrog chelated calcium, uas txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav.
tsiaj siv
Chelated daim ntawv ntawm microelements yog siv los txhawb kev noj haus ntawm txhua hom tsiaj ua liaj ua teb thiab noog. Cov tshuaj no hauv cov ntsiab lus me me tuaj yeem hloov tau txog li 40% ntawm cov zaub mov inorganic thiab muaj cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no:
- boost tiv thaivlub zog thaum muaj mob, cev xeeb tub ntawm poj niam lossis nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo;
- txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua me nyuam;
- txo qis ntawm cov hlwb somatic hauv cov mis nyuj, uas txhim kho nws qhov zoo (kev ruaj ntseg thermal thiab lwm yam khoom siv thev naus laus zis);
- kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj hluas.
Chelated hlau, tsis zoo li nws cov sulfate, tuaj yeem hla lub placental barrier yooj yim. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias ntxiv cov vitamin no rau kev noj zaub mov ntawm cov qoob loo txhawb nqa tom qab yug menyuam piglets nrog qhov hnyav hnyav thiab tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev tsim cov hlau tsis txaus.
Raws li kev siv magnesium chelate, muaj kev txhim kho ntawm cov tsiaj txhu zoo, txo qis hauv lub cev rog. Copper thiab manganese compounds pab tiv thaiv pob txha chondromatosis thiab kab mob plawv hauv nqaij qaib.
Tshuaj
Hauv tshuaj, chelate cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas yog siv rau cov laj thawj hauv qab no:
- Tshuaj tua kab mob rau mob hnyav thiab mob ntev nrog cov hlau hnyav thiab lwm yam tshuaj lom ("Unithiol", "Tetacin-calcium"). Thaum lawv tau noj, cov tshuaj phem raug khi rau hauv cov chelate-type complexes.
- tshuaj Antineoplastic ("Cisplatin" thiab lwm yam). Cov tshuaj nkag mus rau lub nuclei ntawm cov hlwb cuam tshuam, tsim kev sib txuas ruaj khov nrog DNA, uas tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev tsim tawm tus kheej.
- Vitamin npaj (feem ntau chelated calcium thiab hlau).
Tsis zoo li cov hlau ions dawb, cov tshuaj no tsis tsimcompounds nrog rau lwm yam tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub plab thiab cov hnyuv, yog li lawv zoo absorbed nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Hauv qhov no, raws li chelates, nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm ib tiam tshiab.
