Lub neej ntawm lub tswv yim xws li "Serbo-Croatian lus" tau ntau tshaj li kaum xyoo tau ua rau muaj kev sib cav sib ceg tsis yog ntawm cov neeg paub lus nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg uas, hauv paus ntsiab lus, muaj qee yam ua rau Balkan. Peninsula. Ib txhia paub tseeb tias tej lus no tsis muaj lawm, nws tau tawg ua ob peb yam lus ywj siab. Lwm tus nyiam tsis delve rau hauv qhov teeb meem no thiab muab cov lus Serbs, Croats (thiab tsis yog) rau hauv ib qho. Tab sis qhov tseeb nyob qhov twg?
Tus neeg mob puas muaj sia nyob tshaj qhov tuag?
Serbo-Croatian belongs rau South Slavic subgroup ntawm Slavic pab pawg lus thiab tau hais nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no defunct Yugoslavia. Tom qab cov ntshav tawg ntawm lub tebchaws, ntau lub tebchaws tshiab tau tshwm sim hauv Balkans, thiab nrog lawv cov lus tshiab. Thiab ib qho ntawm thawj yam uas cov neeg sib cav sib cav tsis yog tsuas yog kev faib thaj chaw xwb, tab sis kuj yog lus Askiv. Yog li, tam sim no peb tsis yog Serbo-Croatian nkaus xwb, tab sis Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian thiab txawm tias cov lus hluas Montenegrin.
Vim li cas lawv thiaj tseem sib sau ua ke hauv ib lub tswv yim? tebQhov teeb meem no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xav txog cov lus Serbo-Croatian los ntawm ntau lub ces kaum. Ua ntej, los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav, tag nrho cov lus ywj pheej no tsis zoo ib yam, tab sis yuav luag zoo tib yam lexically, grammatically thiab phonetically. Qhov xwm txheej yog tib yam hauv kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia thiab Montenegro: hauv kev sib tham nrog ib leeg lawv tsis muaj teeb meem lus. Yog lawm, los ntawm kev hais lus, lawv tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tam sim ntawd los ntawm thaj chaw twg tus interlocutor tuaj, tab sis lub suab ntawm Yugoslavs txawv tsis ntau tshaj li ntawm peb cov pej xeem los ntawm ntau thaj tsam ntawm Russia. Kom meej meej, Serbs "ekay", thiab Croats, nrog rau cov Bosnians thiab Montenegrins, "ekay". Piv txwv li: hauv Serbian lawv hais tias "lub sijhawm", "telo" thiab "snow", thiab hauv Croatian, Bosnian thiab Montenegrin - "lub sijhawm", lub cev" thiab "snow". tom qab ntawd.
Nroog thiab nom tswv sib txawv
Pom tseeb, cov lus Serbo-Croatian tau muaj sia nyob txhua yam: kev ua tsov rog ntev, thiab kev tawg ntawm lub tebchaws, thiab kev sib cav sib ceg, tab sis tib neeg ob leeg hais ib hom lus thiab hais lus. Tab sis muaj ib qho "tab sis". Tseem, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia thiab Herzegovina, thiab tsis ntev dhau los, Montenegro, muaj nyob ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm ib leeg. Raws li, tsis muaj "Serbo-Croatian" hauv cov ntaub ntawv raug cai thiab kev cai lij choj ntawm cov tebchaws no.
Lub npe ntawm cov lus ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Croatia yog Croatian. Lawv tsis xav hnov ib yam dab tsi txog Serbian thiab tsis ua nws rau lawv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus. Nyob ntawmthoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub neej ntawm SFRY, lub tebchaws no, ntau dua li lwm tus, sim txhua txoj hauv kev los cais nws cov lus los ntawm Serbian, thiab qee zaum nws txawm ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub xeev tuaj txog qhov kawg ntawm nws lub neej, ib txoj hauj lwm tshwj xeeb tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Croatia - ib tug proofreader. Cov neeg zoo li no, muaj phau ntawv txhais lus Serbo-Croatian tshiab ntawm tes, kho tag nrho cov ntawv luam tawm hauv zos kom tshem tawm cov lus Serbian, hloov lawv mus rau "tshiab" Croatian. Nws yog qhov lom zem dua thaum Croatian sub titles tau ntxiv rau cov yeeb yaj kiab tua hauv Serbian. Los ntawm txoj kev, txawm tias cov neeg nyob hauv Croatia lawv tus kheej tau saib cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo li no rau kev luag.
Ib hom lus tab sis txawv tsiaj ntawv
Nyob hauv Serbia, qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo dua li hauv Croatia, txawm hais tias qhov no qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov lus tau dhau los ua siab ncaj. Cov lus yeej tseem zoo ib yam, tiam sis cov tsiaj ntawv tseem txawv.
Cov tsiaj ntawv Serbo-Croatian muaj ob lub cim: Cyrillic thiab Latin. Latin yog siv hauv Croatia, feem ntau hauv Bosnia thiab Montenegro. Hauv Serbia, ob qho tib si ib qho thiab lwm yam. Tab sis yog vim li cas? Puas yog nws yooj yim heev rau tib neeg nyeem thiab sau nrog cov cim sib txawv? Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias rau cov neeg nyob hauv Serbia nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws los hloov ntawm Latin rau Cyrillic thiab rov ua dua. Txawm tias cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv zos kawm ib cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau hauv parallel nrog rau lwm tus. Cov lus hais lus Serbian thiab Croatian yeej ib txwm luam tawm hauv Serbo-Croatian kab lus los ntawm lub sijhawm Yugoslav.
Tab sis kom paub meej, tsab ntawv ib txwm rau Serbs yog Cyrillic, nws lub npe yog "Vukovica" (sawv cev ntawmnws tus tsim Vuk Karadzic). Nws xyaum tsis txawv ntawm kev sau ntawv Lavxias, tab sis nws muaj qee qhov nthuav dav:
- tsis muaj ib qho nyuaj kos npe rau hauv wukovice, thiab cov cim muag ntawm no sib koom nrog qee cov lus - љ (le), њ (н);
- ntawv ћ tau hais zoo li "ch", tab sis softly (raws li hauv Belarusian lus);
- Serbian "ch" zoo ib yam li Lavxias;
- ђ yog peb lub suab "j", thiab nws yog kev cai muab tsab ntawv no ua ntej cov lus mos;
- џ yuav tsum tau hais zoo li "j", uas yog, nyuaj dua li yav dhau los.
Vukovica yog hu ua Extended Cyrillic thiab yog tsab ntawv ntawm Serbia. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua lub xeev cov ntawv tshaj tawm, cov ntaub ntawv raug luam tawm ntawm nws, nws yog siv rau hauv cov ntawv kos npe. Cov phau ntawv teev ntuj tau sau ua Cyrillic.
Latin tsab ntawv yog hu ua Gajic hauv Serbia (sawv cev ntawm Croatian daim duab Ljudevit Gaja), thiab nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias txhua xyoo nws tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam nyob ntawm no. Hauv kev tes hauj lwm, cov tub ntxhais hluas feem ntau sau rau hauv nws, zam cov ntawv xov xwm, ntawv xov xwm txhua lub lim tiam, cov phau ntawv - tag nrho cov no yog sau hauv Gajic. Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua rau ntau tus tam sim no, vim tias yuav luag tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe siv cov tsiaj ntawv Latin, thiab Serbia yog tus neeg sib tw rau EU ua tswv cuab.
Gajevitsa yog cov xov uas tseem muab cov lus Serbian thiab Croatian ua ib qho. Cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic, uas tsis nyob hauv Gaevice, feem ntau txhais los ntawm cov cim hauv qab no:
- č - hard "h";
- ć - mos "h";
- с - Russian thiab Serbian "ts";
- dž - Serbian "џ" thiab Lavxias nyuajsuab "j";
- đ - Serbian "ђ" thiab Lavxias suab mos "j";
- lj and nj - Serbian "љ" thiab "њ";
- š - Lavxias thiab Serbian "sh";
- ž - Russian thiab Serbian "zh".
Vocabulary sib txawv
Txhua tus neeg hais lus Slavic tuaj rau Serbia lossis Croatia yuav nkag siab feem ntau ntawm cov lus hauv ob qho tib si. Peb cov compatriots pom nthuav coincidences nrog Lavxias teb sab lus, tej zaum nyob rau hauv Croatian, tej zaum nyob rau hauv Serbian, thaum nyob rau hauv cov lus no cov lus yuav suab txawv. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
| Croatian | lus Serbian | Kev txhais lus |
| TERITORIJ | TSITORIJA | thaj chaw |
| TIJEK | TOK | tam sim no |
| TEKA | SVESKA | notebook |
| TJELO | TELO | lub neej |
| TLAK | PRITISAK | siab |
| TMINA | MRAK | darkness |
| TOČKA | TAČKA | dot |
| ABECEDA | ZBUKA | alphabet |
| AKCENT | AKCENAT | xwb |
| BLJEDOĆA | BLEDILO | pale |
| BOJIŠNICA | UA | ntev |
| BOŽICA | BOGINJA | |
| BOŽJA OVČICA | BUBA MARA | ladybug |
| CIJENA | CENA | price |
| ČITATELJ | ČITALAC | reader |
Thiab yog li txhua lub tebchaws Yugoslav me me sim "tso nws tus kheej" los ntawm nws cov neeg nyob ze kom ntau li ntau tau, hais txog qhov no hauv cov lus, vim hais tias lus yog kev nco qab, nws yog kev xav txog kab lis kev cai, kev xav, lub teb chaws tus yam ntxwv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg hais lus Slavic tuaj txog hauv thaj chaw yav dhau los Yugoslavia, txhawm rau nrhiav ntau qhov sib txawv no, yuav tsum tau nkag siab txog kev hais lus. Feem ntau, txhua qhov sib txawv no tsis pom tshwj xeeb.
