Dej yog ib yam khoom txawv txawv uas tsim nyog kawm kom ntxaws. Tus kws tshawb fawb Soviet I. V. Petryanov tau sau ib phau ntawv hais txog cov khoom tseem ceeb no, Cov Khoom Tsis Zoo Tshaj Plaws hauv Ntiaj Teb. Dab tsi anomalies nyob rau hauv lub cev cov khoom ntawm dej yog tshwj xeeb txaus siab? Ua ke peb yuav nrhiav cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no.
Npaj qhov tseeb
Peb tsis tshua xav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "dej". Nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb, ntau tshaj 70% ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam yog nyob ntawm tus dej thiab pas dej, hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv, icebergs, glaciers, swamps, daus saum roob, thiab permafrost. Txawm tias muaj dej ntau npaum li cas los xij, tsuas yog 1% haus xwb.
Biological tseem ceeb
tib neeg lub cev yog dej 70-80%. Cov tshuaj no ua kom cov dej ntws ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb, ua tsaug rau nws, co toxins raug tshem tawm, cov hlwb rov qab los. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm dej hauv lub cell muaj siayog cov qauv thiab lub zog, nrog rau kev txo qis hauv nws cov ntsiab lus ntau hauv tib neeg lub cev, nws "shrinks".
Tsis muaj cov kab ke zoo li no hauv cov kab mob muaj sia uas tuaj yeem ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj H2O. Txawm hais tias muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov dej, nws yog tus qauv rau kev txiav txim siab qhov kub, qhov hnyav, qhov kub thiab qhov siab.
Basic concepts
H2O - hydrogen oxide, uas muaj 11.19% hydrogen, 88.81% oxygen los ntawm huab hwm coj. Nws yog cov kua uas tsis muaj xim uas tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw thiab saj. Dej yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam.
Thawj zaug cov tshuaj no tau tsim tawm thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th los ntawm G. Cavendish. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau tawg qhov sib xyaw ntawm oxygen thiab hydrogen nrog lub zog hluav taws xob. G. Galileo thawj zaug txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntom ntawm cov dej khov thiab dej hauv xyoo 1612.
Xyoo 1830, lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau tsim los ntawm Fabkis cov kws tshawb fawb P. Dulong thiab D. Arago. Qhov kev tshawb pom no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov saturation vapor siab thiab kub. Xyoo 1910, tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas P. Bridgman thiab German G. Tamman tau tshawb pom ntau qhov kev hloov kho polymorphic hauv dej khov ntawm qhov siab.
Xyoo 1932, Asmeskas cov kws tshawb fawb G. Urey thiab E. Washburn nrhiav pom dej hnyav. Anomalies nyob rau hauv lub cev lub cev ntawm cov khoom no tau pom los ntawm kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej thiab txoj kev tshawb fawb.
Qee qhov tsis sib haum xeeb hauv lub cev lub cev
Cov dej ntshiab yog cov kua ntshiab, tsis muaj xim. Nws qhov ntom ntom thaum hloov mus rau hauv cov kua los ntawmCov khoom muaj zog nce, qhov no manifests ib qho anomaly hauv cov khoom ntawm dej. Cua sov nws los ntawm 0 mus rau 40 degrees ua rau kom muaj kev ceev ceev. Lub peev xwm kub siab yuav tsum tau muab sau ua ib qho kev tsis sib xws ntawm cov dej. Lub crystallization kub yog 0 degrees Celsius thiab lub boiling point yog 100 degrees.
Lub molecule ntawm no inorganic compound muaj ib tug angular qauv. Nws cov nuclei tsim ib daim duab peb sab isosceles nrog ob lub protons ntawm nws lub hauv paus thiab ib qho oxygen atom ntawm nws apex.
Density anomalies
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas txog plaub caug tus yam ntxwv ntawm H2O. Cov dej tsis zoo tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas zoo thiab kawm. Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom sim piav qhia qhov ua rau ntawm txhua yam, los piav qhia txog kev tshawb fawb.
Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm qhov ntom ntawm cov dej nyob hauv qhov tseeb tias cov khoom no muaj nws qhov siab tshaj plaws tus nqi pib ntawm +3, 98 ° C. Nrog rau qhov txias txias tom qab, hloov los ntawm cov kua mus rau lub xeev ruaj khov, qhov txo qis yog pom.
Rau lwm cov tebchaw, qhov ntom ntom hauv cov kua dej txo qis nrog qhov kub thiab txias, vim tias qhov kub thiab txias ua rau muaj zog kinetic ntawm cov molecules (lawv ceev ntawm kev txav mus los), uas ua rau muaj zog friability ntawm cov khoom.
Xav txog cov dej tsis zoo no, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws kuj tseem yuav nce hauv qhov nrawm nrog nce qhov kub thiab txias, tab sis qhov ceev txo qis ntawm qhov kub siab xwb.
Tom qab txo qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov dej khov, nws yuav nyob ntawm cov dej. Qhov tshwm sim no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov molecules hauv cov siv lead ua muaj cov qauv tsis tu ncua, uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm.
Yog tias cov tshuaj sib xyaw zoo tib yam muaj cov molecules nruj nreem ntim rau hauv cov muaju, tom qab cov khoom melts, qhov tsis tu ncua yuav ploj mus. Ib qho tshwm sim zoo sib xws tsuas yog pom thaum cov molecules nyob ntawm qhov deb heev. Qhov txo qis hauv qhov ntom ntom thaum lub sijhawm melting ntawm cov hlau yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, kwv yees li ntawm 2-4%. Qhov ntom ntawm cov dej ntau tshaj cov dej khov los ntawm 10 feem pua. Yog li ntawd, qhov no yog ib tug manifestation ntawm dej anomaly. Chemistry piav qhia qhov tshwm sim no nrog cov qauv dipole, nrog rau covalent polar bond.
Compressibility anomalies
Cia peb tham ntxiv txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm dej. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm tus cwj pwm kub txawv txawv. Nws compressibility, uas yog, qhov txo qis hauv ntim, raws li qhov siab nce, tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv lub cev ntawm cov dej. Dab tsi tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau sau tseg ntawm no? Lwm cov kua yog yooj yim dua rau compress nyob rau hauv siab, thiab dej yuav siv sij hawm rau cov yam ntxwv xws li kub kub.
Tus cwj pwm kub ntawm lub peev xwm kub
Qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg no yog ib qho muaj zog tshaj plaws rau dej. Thaum tshav kub kub muaj peev xwm qhia koj seb yuav tsum tau cua sov npaum li cas los nce qhov kub ntawm 1 degree. Rau ntau yam khoom, tom qab melting, lub peev xwm kub ntawm cov kua nce tsis ntau tshaj 10 feem pua. Thiab rau cov dej tom qab melting ntawm dej khov, qhov no lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis doubles. Tsis muaj cov tshuajTsis muaj qhov nce hauv qhov muaj peev xwm kub tau sau tseg.
Nyob rau hauv dej khov, lub zog uas muab rau nws rau cua sov yog siv feem ntau ntawm kev ua kom ceev ntawm kev txav ntawm cov molecules (kinetic zog). Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ua kom sov tom qab melting qhia tau hais tias lwm yam kev siv zog-intensive txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv dej, uas yuav tsum tau cov cua sov nkag. Lawv yog vim li cas rau qhov muaj peev xwm ua kom sov. Qhov tshwm sim no yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau tag nrho qhov kub thiab txias nyob rau hauv uas dej muaj cov kua hauv lub xeev ntawm aggregation.
Thaum nws tig mus rau hauv chav, qhov anomaly ploj mus. Tam sim no, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom ntawm supercooled dej. Nws nyob hauv nws lub peev xwm kom nyob twj ywm hauv qab cov crystallization point ntawm 0 ° C.
Nws yog qhov ua tau kom dej txias hauv cov hlab ntsha nyias, nrog rau hauv qhov nruab nrab uas tsis yog-polar li me me. Lub ntuj nug tshwm sim rau dab tsi yog pom nrog lub ntom anomaly nyob rau hauv xws li ib qho xwm txheej. Raws li dej dhau los ua supercooled, qhov ntom ntawm cov dej txo qis, nws nyhav rau qhov ntom ntawm cov dej khov vim qhov kub thiab txias.
Yog vim li cas thiaj pom
Thaum nug: "Npe cov dej tsis txaus ntseeg thiab piav qhia lawv cov laj thawj", nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los koom lawv nrog kev txhim kho ntawm cov qauv. Kev npaj ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm ib yam khoom yog txiav txim los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib nrig sib kev npaj ntawm hais (atoms, ions, molecules) nyob rau hauv nws. Hydrogen rog ua nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov dej molecules, uas tshem tawm cov kua dej no los ntawm kev nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus boiling thiab melting,yam ntxwv ntawm lwm yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv ib tug kua lub xeev ntawm aggregation.
Lawv tshwm nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov molecules ntawm ib qho kev sib xyaw inorganic vim qhov peculiarities ntawm electron ceev tis. Hydrogen atoms muaj qee qhov zoo, thaum oxygen atoms muaj qhov tsis zoo. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov dej molecule muaj cov duab ntawm tetrahedron li niaj zaus. Cov qauv zoo sib xws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 109.5 °. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev npaj yog qhov tso pa oxygen thiab hydrogen nyob rau hauv tib txoj kab, muaj cov nqi sib txawv, yog li ntawd, hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug electrostatic xwm.
Yog li, qhov txawv txav (anomalous) cov khoom ntawm dej yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov qauv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb ntawm nws cov molecule.
Nco dej
Muaj kev xav tias dej muaj lub cim xeeb, tuaj yeem sib sau thiab hloov lub zog, pub lub cev nrog cov ntaub ntawv virtual. Tau ntev, tus kws tshawb fawb Nyij Pooj Masaru Emoto tau daws qhov teeb meem no. Dr. Emoto tau luam tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv phau ntawv Messages from Water. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua qhov kev sim uas nws thawj zaug khov dej ntawm 5 degrees, thiab tom qab ntawd txheeb xyuas cov qauv ntawm cov muaju hauv lub tshuab tsom. Txhawm rau sau cov txiaj ntsig, nws tau siv lub tshuab tsom iav uas tsim lub koob yees duab.
Raws li ib feem ntawm kev sim, Masau Emoto cuam tshuam cov dej hauv ntau txoj hauv kev, tom qab ntawd rov khov nws, thiab thaij duab. Nws tswj kom tau txais kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov duab ntawm cov dej khov thiab cov suab paj nruag,uas dej tau mloog. Kuj ceeb tias, tus kws tshawb fawb tau sau cov snowflakes sib haum xeeb tshaj plaws siv cov suab paj nruag classical thiab pej xeem.
Kev siv suab paj nruag niaj hnub, raws li Masau, "ua paug" dej, yog li lawv tau kho cov pob zeb tsis zoo. Qhov tseeb nthuav yog qhov kev txheeb xyuas los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Nyij Pooj ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov duab ntawm cov muaju thiab tib neeg lub zog.
Dej yog cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws uas pom muaj ntau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam sphere ntawm kev ua ub no ntawm ib tug neeg niaj hnub uas nws yuav tsis koom nrog active ib feem. Lub versatility ntawm cov tshuaj no yog txiav txim los ntawm anomalies tshwm sim los ntawm lub tetrahedral qauv ntawm dej.
