Amino acids yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm txhua yam kabmob muaj sia. Los ntawm lawv qhov xwm txheej, lawv yog thawj cov tshuaj nitrogenous ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas yog synthesized los ntawm cov av. Cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein thiab cov amino acids nyob ntawm lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg.
Amino acid qauv
Txhua ntawm nws cov molecule muaj carboxyl thiab amine pawg, uas txuas nrog cov radical. Yog tias ib qho amino acid muaj 1 carboxyl thiab 1 amino pawg, nws cov qauv tuaj yeem qhia los ntawm cov qauv hauv qab no.
Amino acids uas muaj 1 acid thiab 1 pawg alkaline hu ua monoaminomonocarboxylic. Amino acids kuj yog synthesized nyob rau hauv cov kab mob, cov qauv thiab cov dej num uas txiav txim siab 2 pawg carboxyl los yog 2 pawg amine. Amino acids uas muaj 2 carboxyl thiab 1 amino pawg hu ua monoaminodicarboxylic, thiab cov uas muaj 2 amine thiab 1 carboxyl pawg hu ua diaminomonocarboxylic.
Lawv kuj txawv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov organic radical R. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws lub npe thiab cov qauv. Vim li no, cov haujlwm sib txawv ntawm cov amino acids. Nws yog lub xub ntiag ntawm acidic thiab alkaline pawg uas ua kom nws cov reactivity siab. Cov pab pawg no txuas cov amino acids thiab tsim cov polymer - cov protein. Proteins tseem hu ua polypeptides vim lawv cov qauv.
Amino acids ua khoom siv hauv tsev
Ib qho protein molecule yog cov saw ntawm kaum lossis pua pua ntawm cov amino acids. Proteins txawv nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, kom muaj nuj nqis thiab kev txiav txim ntawm cov amino acids, vim hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm 20 Cheebtsam yog yuav luag infinite. Qee tus ntawm lawv muaj tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acids tseem ceeb, thaum lwm tus ua tsis muaj ib lossis ntau dua. Cais cov amino acids, cov qauv, cov haujlwm uas zoo ib yam li cov proteins ntawm tib neeg lub cev, tsis yog siv los ua zaub mov, vim lawv tsis zoo soluble thiab tsis ua rau lub plab zom mov. Cov no suav nrog cov proteins ntawm tes, plaub hau, ntaub plaub lossis plaub.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov amino acids tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau dhau. Cov tshuaj no yog cov zaub mov tseem ceeb hauv kev noj haus ntawm tib neeg. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm amino acids yog dab tsi? Lawv nce kev loj hlob ntawm cov leeg nqaij, pab ntxiv dag zog rau cov pob qij txha thiab ligaments, rov ua kom puas lub cev nqaij daim tawv thiab koom nrog txhua yam txheej txheem uas tshwm sim hauv tib neeg lub cev.
Qhov tseem ceeb amino acids
Qhov tseem ceeb amino acids tsuas yog tau los ntawm cov tshuaj los yog khoom noj. Kev ua haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem tsim cov pob qij txha noj qab haus huv, cov leeg muaj zog, cov plaub hau zoo nkauj yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Cov amino acids no suav nrog:
- phenylalanine;
- lysine;
- threonine;
- methionine;
- valine;
- leucine;
- tryptophan;
- histidine;
Yisoleucine.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tseem ceeb amino acids
Cov cib no ua cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua lub cell ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Lawv pom tsis tau txog thaum lawv nkag mus rau hauv lub cev kom txaus, tab sis lawv qhov tsis txaus ua rau lub cev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho lub cev.
- Valine rov ua kom cov leeg nqaij, ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub zog.
- Histidine txhim kho cov ntshav muaj pes tsawg leeg, txhawb cov leeg nqaij rov qab thiab kev loj hlob, txhim kho kev sib koom ua haujlwm.
- Leucine ntxiv dag zog rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, saib xyuas qib qab zib thiab leukocytes hauv cov ntshav. Yog tias qib ntawm leukocytes siab dhau lawm: nws ua rau lawv qis dua thiab txuas lub cev lub cev kom tshem tawm qhov mob.
- Lysine pab hauv kev nqus calcium, uas tsim thiab ntxiv dag zog rau cov pob txha. Pab tsim cov collagen, txhim kho cov plaub hau. Rau cov txiv neej, qhov no yog ib qho zoo heev anabolic, vim nws tsim cov leeg thiab ua rau txiv neej muaj zog.
- Methionine normalizes lub plab zom mov thiab lub siab. Koom tes rau hauv kev tawg ntawm cov rog, tshem tawm toxicosis hauv cov poj niam cev xeeb tub, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov plaub hau.
- Threonine txhim kho txoj hnyuv. Txhim khu kev tiv thaiv, koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov elastin thiab collagen. Threonine tiv thaiv cov rog rog hauv daim siab.
- Tryptophan yog lub luag haujlwm rau tib neeg kev xav. Tsim serotonin - cov tshuaj hormones ntawm kev zoo siab, yog li normalizes pw tsaug zog, txhim kho mus ob peb vas. Tames lub qab los noj mov, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub plawv cov leeg thiab cov hlab ntsha.
- Phenylalanine ua haujlwm ua tus xa khoomsignals los ntawm paj hlwb mus rau lub hlwb. Txhim kho txoj kev xav, suppresses tsis noj qab haus huv, txhim kho kev nco, ua rau kom muaj kev cuam tshuam, txo qhov mob.
Isoleucine pab tsim hemoglobin. Tswj cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav, nce tus neeg lub zog, kev ua siab ntev.
Kev tsis txaus ntawm cov amino acids tseem ceeb ua rau kev loj hlob stunted, metabolic ntshawv siab, poob ntawm cov leeg nqaij.
Qhov tseem ceeb amino acids
Cov no yog cov amino acids, cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev:
- arginine;
- alanine;
- asparagine;
- glycine;
- proline;
- taurine;
- tyrosine;
- glutamate;
- serine;
- glutamine;
- ornithine;
- cysteine;
- carnitine.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov amino acids tsis tseem ceeb
- Cysteine tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom, koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov tawv nqaij thiab cov leeg nqaij, yog cov tshuaj antioxidant.
- Tyrosine txo lub cev qaug zog, ua kom cov metabolism sai, tshem tawm kev ntxhov siab thiab kev nyuaj siab.
- Alanine yog siv rau cov leeg nqaij, yog lub zog.
- Aspartic acid tsub kom metabolism thiab txo cov ammonia thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm hnyav.
- Cystine tshem tawm qhov mob los ntawm kev raug mob ntawm ligaments thiab pob qij txha.
- Glutamic acid yog lub luag haujlwm rau lub hlwb ua haujlwm, thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm lub cev ntev nws hloov mus ua cov piam thaj, tsim lub zog.
- Glutamine rov ua kom cov leeg nqaij, txhawb kev tiv thaiv, ua kom cov metabolism sai, txhim kho lub hlwb thiab tsim cov tshuaj hormones.
- Glycine yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov leeg nqaij, rog rog,stabilize ntshav siab thiab ntshav qab zib.
- Carnitine txav cov roj fatty acids rau hauv cov hlwb uas lawv tawg mus rau lub zog, ua rau muaj roj ntau dhau los hlawv thiab lub zog tsim tawm.
- Ornithine tsim cov tshuaj hormones loj hlob, koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem tso zis, zom cov roj fatty acids, pab tsim cov tshuaj insulin.
- Proline muab cov khoom tsim collagen, tsim nyog rau ligaments thiab pob qij txha.
- Serine boosts kev tiv thaiv thiab tsim lub zog, xav tau rau cov metabolism sai ntawm fatty acids thiab nqaij loj hlob.
- Taurine zom cov rog, nce lub cev tiv thaiv, ua kom cov kua tsib ntsev.
YProtein thiab nws cov khoom
Proteins, lossis proteins - macromolecular compounds nrog cov ntsiab lus nitrogen. Lub tswv yim ntawm "cov protein", thawj zaug xaiv los ntawm Berzelius hauv xyoo 1838, los ntawm lo lus Greek thiab txhais tau tias "thawj", uas qhia txog tus nqi ntawm cov protein nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej. Ntau yam ntawm cov proteins ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj coob tus neeg muaj sia nyob: los ntawm cov kab mob mus rau tib neeg lub cev. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv ntau dua li lwm cov macromolecules, vim cov proteins yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub cell nyob. Lawv tsim txog li ntawm 20% ntawm qhov loj ntawm tib neeg lub cev, ntau dua 50% ntawm qhov qhuav ntawm tes. Xws li ntau yam ntawm cov proteins yog vim muaj cov khoom ntawm nees nkaum amino acids sib txawv uas cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg thiab tsim cov molecules polymer.
Ib qho khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov protein yog lub peev xwm los tsim tus kheejib tug tshwj xeeb spatial qauv yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb protein. Los ntawm cov qauv tshuaj, cov proteins yog biopolymers nrog peptide bonds. Protein chemistry muaj qhov nruab nrab cov ntsiab lus nitrogen tas li ntawm kwv yees li 16%.
Lub neej, nrog rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein amino acids los tsim cov hlwb tshiab. Proteins tsis tuaj yeem hloov los ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus, lawv lub luag haujlwm hauv tib neeg lub cev tseem ceeb heev.
Y
Protein Functions
Qhov xav tau ntawm cov protein nyob hauv cov haujlwm hauv qab no:
- nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob, vim nws yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov hlwb tshiab;
- tswj cov metabolism, thaum lub zog tso tawm. Tom qab noj mov, tus nqi metabolic nce ntxiv, piv txwv li, yog tias cov khoom noj muaj carbohydrates, cov metabolism nrawm dua li 4%, yog tias los ntawm cov protein - los ntawm 30%;
- tswj cov dej sib npaug hauv lub cev, vim nws cov dej hydrophilicity - muaj peev xwm nyiam dej;
- Txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm kev sib txuas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tshem tawm kev hem thawj ntawm tus kab mob.
Khoom noj muaj protein ntau
Cov leeg nqaij thiab tib neeg lub cev pob txha yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg nyob uas tsis yog ua haujlwm xwb, tab sis kuj tau hloov kho thoob plaws lub neej. Lawv rov qab los ntawm kev puas tsuaj, khaws lawv lub zog thiab kav ntev. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, lawv xav tau cov as-ham zoo. Cov zaub mov muab lub cev nrog lub zog xav tau rau txhua yam txheej txheem, suav nrog cov leeg ua haujlwm,cov ntaub so ntswg loj hlob thiab kho. Thiab cov protein nyob hauv lub cev yog siv ob qho tib si los ua lub zog thiab ua cov khoom siv hauv tsev.
Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum saib xyuas nws cov khoom noj txhua hnub. Cov khoom noj muaj protein ntau: nqaij qaib, qaib ntxhw, nqaij npua, nqaij npuas, nqaij nyuj, ntses, cws, taum, lentils, nqaij npuas kib, qe, ceev. Tag nrho cov khoom noj no muab lub cev nrog cov protein thiab muab lub zog xav tau rau lub neej.
