Nrog ntau yam ntawm cov khoom ntuj tsim, amino acids nyob hauv qhov chaw tshwj xeeb. Nws tau piav qhia los ntawm lawv qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv biology thiab hauv organic chemistry. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov molecules ntawm yooj yim thiab complex proteins yog tsim los ntawm cov amino acids, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yam tsis muaj kev zam. Nws yog vim li no tias kev tshawb fawb tau them nyiaj rau kev kawm txog cov teeb meem xws li cov qauv ntawm cov amino acids, lawv cov khoom, ntau lawm thiab siv. Cov tebchaw no kuj tseem ceeb heev hauv cov tshuaj, uas lawv siv los ua tshuaj npaj. Rau cov neeg uas mob siab rau lawv tus kheej txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab ua lub neej nquag, protein monomers yog ib hom zaub mov (lub npe hu ua khoom noj khoom haus kev ua si). Qee yam ntawm lawv hom yog siv nyob rau hauv chemistry ntawm organic synthesis raws li ib tug feedstock nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov hluavtaws fibers - enanth thiab capron. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, aminocarboxylic acids ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab hauv lub neej ntawm tib neeg lub neej, yog li cia peb paub ntau ntxiv.
qauv ntaCov amino acids
Cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov chav kawm no yog cov tshuaj amphoteric organic, uas yog, lawv muaj ob pawg ua haujlwm, thiab, yog li ntawd, nthuav tawm ob lub zog. Tshwj xeeb, cov molecules muaj hydrocarbon radicals ua ke nrog NH 2 amino pawg thiab COOH carboxyl pawg. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog lwm cov tshuaj, amino acids ua raws li cov hauv paus los yog cov kua qaub. Lub isomerism ntawm cov tebchaw no tau tshwm sim vim muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev ntawm cov pob txha los yog txoj haujlwm ntawm cov amino acids, thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov amino acids yog txiav txim siab raws li cov qauv nta thiab cov khoom ntawm hydrocarbon radical. Nws tuaj yeem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm txoj hlua ncaj los yog ceg ntoo, thiab tseem muaj cov qauv kev sib tw.
Kev ua haujlwm kho qhov muag ntawm aminocarboxylic acids
Txhua monomers ntawm polypeptides, thiab lawv 20 hom, nthuav tawm hauv cov kab mob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg, muaj L-amino acids. Feem ntau ntawm lawv muaj cov asymmetric carbon atom uas tig lub teeb polarized rau sab laug. Ob lub monomers, isoleucine thiab threonine, muaj ob lub carbon atoms, thiab aminoacetic acid (glycine) tsis muaj. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov amino acids raws li lawv cov kev ua haujlwm kho qhov muag tau dav siv hauv biochemistry thiab molecular biology thaum kawm cov txheej txheem kev txhais lus hauv cov protein biosynthesis. Interestingly, D-forms ntawm cov amino acids yeej tsis yog ib feem ntawm polypeptide chains ntawm cov proteins, tab sis muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab mob daim nyias nyias thiab nyob rau hauv metabolic khoom ntawm actinomycete fungi, ces.muaj, qhov tseeb, lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntuj, piv txwv li, hauv gramicidin. Hauv biochemistry, cov tshuaj uas muaj D-form spatial qauv, xws li citrulline, homoserine, ornithine, tau paub dav, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tes.
Zwitterions yog dab tsi?
Rau ib zaug ntxiv tias cov protein monomers muaj cov pab pawg ua haujlwm ntawm amines thiab carboxylic acids. Particles -NH2 thiab COOH cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg hauv cov molecule, uas ua rau pom cov ntsev sab hauv hu ua bipolar ion (zwitterion). Cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov amino acids no piav qhia lawv lub peev xwm los cuam tshuam nrog cov kuab tshuaj polar, xws li dej. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov khoom them nqi hauv cov kev daws teeb meem txiav txim siab lawv cov hluav taws xob conductivity.
Dab tsi yog α-amino acids
Yog tias pawg amino nyob hauv cov molecule ntawm thawj carbon atom, suav los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm carboxyl, cov amino acid no yog cais raws li α-amino acid. Lawv nyob hauv qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv kev faib tawm, vim tias nws yog los ntawm cov monomers uas tag nrho cov khoom siv roj ntsha hauv cov protein molecules tsim, piv txwv li, xws li enzymes, hemoglobin, actin, collagen, thiab lwm yam. Cov qauv ntawm cov amino acids ntawm chav kawm no tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog. siv cov piv txwv ntawm glycine, tib yam uas tau siv dav hauv kev ua paj hlwb ua ib qho sedative hauv kev kho mob me me ntawm kev nyuaj siab thiab neurasthenia.
Lub npe thoob ntiaj teb rau cov amino acid no yog α-aminoacetic, nwsmuaj qhov muag pom L-puab thiab yog proteinogenic, uas yog, nws koom nrog cov txheej txheem txhais lus thiab yog ib feem ntawm cov protein macromolecules.
Y Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov proteins thiab lawv cov monomers hauv cov metabolism
Nws tsis tuaj yeem xav txog qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj txhu, suav nrog tib neeg, tsis muaj cov tshuaj hormones uas muaj cov protein molecules. Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov amino acids uas ua rau lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg paub meej tias lawv koom nrog α-forms. Piv txwv li, triiodothyronine thiab thyroxine yog tsim los ntawm cov thyroid caj pas. Lawv tswj cov metabolism thiab yog synthesized nyob rau hauv nws cov hlwb los ntawm α-amino acid tyrosine. Hauv cov proteins yooj yim thiab nyuaj, muaj ob qho tib si 20 monomers yooj yim thiab lawv cov derivatives. Carboxyglutamic acid muaj nyob rau hauv prothrombin, uas tswj cov ntshav txhaws, methyllysin muaj nyob rau hauv myosin (cov leeg nqaij protein), thiab selenocysteine yog pom muaj nyob rau hauv peroxidase enzyme.
Khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov protein thiab lawv cov monomers
Xav txog cov qauv ntawm cov amino acids thiab lawv cov kev faib tawm, cia peb nyob ntawm qhov gradation raws li qhov muaj peev xwm lossis tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov protein monomers los ua ke hauv cov hlwb. Alanine, proline, tyrosine thiab lwm cov tebchaw yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov yas metabolism, thaum tryptophan thiab xya lwm cov amino acids yuav tsum nkag mus rau peb lub cev xwb nrog zaub mov.
Ib qhov ntsuas ntawm cov khoom noj kom raug thiab sib npaug yog qib ntawm tib neeg noj cov zaub mov protein. Nws yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj uas tau nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ib hnub. Tshwj xeebNws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov proteins muaj valine, isoleucine thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb amino acids. Hauv qhov no, cov proteins yuav raug hu ua tiav. Lawv nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev los ntawm cov zaub mov cog lossis cov khoom noj uas muaj cov nceb.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov protein monomers lawv tus kheej tsis tuaj yeem ua ke hauv cov hlwb mammalian. Yog hais tias peb xav txog cov qauv ntawm cov molecules ntawm cov amino acids uas yog indispensable, peb yuav ua kom paub tseeb tias lawv muaj nyob rau hauv txawv chav kawm ntawv. Yog li, valine thiab leucine belongs rau aliphatic series, tryptophan belongs rau aromatic amino acids, thiab threonine belongs rau hydroxyamino acids.
