Cov kab mob ua neej nyob li cas uas chemosynthesize ntau yam tshuaj npaj thiab ua tiav? Txhawm rau teb cov lus nug no, koj yuav tsum nkag siab ntau lub tswv yim lom neeg.
yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab mob
Ua ntej, cia peb nrhiav seb leej twg yog tus kab mob. Qhov no yog tag nrho lub nceeg vaj ntawm cov tsiaj qus. Lawv yog ib leeg-celled kab mob ntawm microscopic loj uas tsis muaj ib tug nucleus. Tab sis qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias cov kab mob feem ntau tsis muaj cov qauv ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev xa cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los. Nws tsuas muaj ib lub koom haum tseem ceeb tshaj. Cov no yog cov voj voog DNA molecules uas yog tsom rau ib feem ntawm cytoplasm hu ua nucleoid.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm autotrophic khoom noj khoom haus
Chemosynthetic kab mob, piv txwv ntawm uas yuav tau tham hauv peb tsab xov xwm, nws tus kheej tsim cov organic tshuaj. Lawv yog cov autotrophs, zoo li cov nroj tsuag. Txawm li cas los xij, tom kawg siv lub zog ntawm lub hnub ci rau qhov no. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ntsuab plastids ntawm chloroplasts tso cai rau lawv mus nqa tawm cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis. Nws lub ntsiab lus yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov piam thaj carbohydrate los ntawminorganic tshuaj - dej thiab carbon dioxide. Lwm cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog oxygen. Cov kab mob kuj yog autotrophs. Tab sis lawv tsis xav tau lub hnub ci kom tau txais lub zog. Lawv ua cov txheej txheem sib txawv - chemosynthesis.
Yuav ua li cas yog chemosynthesis
Chemosynthesis yog txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov organic tshuaj vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv redox. Nws yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv qhov tsuas yog los ntawm prokaryotes. Cov kab mob chemosynthetic tuaj yeem siv cov sulfur, nitrogen, thiab hlau sib txuas los ua ke cov organic. Qhov no tso tawm lub zog, uas yog thawj zaug sau hauv ATP daim ntawv cog lus, tom qab ntawd nws tuaj yeem siv los ntawm cov kab mob hlwb.
Chemosynthetic bacteria: chaw nyob
Txij li lub neej ntawm chemotrophs tsis nyob ntawm qhov muaj hnub ci, lawv thaj chaw faib khoom dav heev. Piv txwv li, cov kab mob sulfur tuaj yeem nyob hauv qhov tob tob, qee zaum tsuas yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj nyob ntawd. Qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov prokaryotes no feem ntau yog av, dej khib nyiab thiab substrates nplua nuj nyob rau hauv qee yam tshuaj lom neeg.
Iron bacteria
Cov kab mob Chemosynthetic suav nrog cov prokaryotes uas hloov cov khoom sib txuas ntawm cov hlau. Lawv tau tshawb pom los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias teb sab microbiologist Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradsky hauv xyoo 1950. Hom kab mob no thaum lub sij hawm oxidation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hloov oxidation lub xeev ntawm hlau, ua rau nws trivalent. Lawv nyob hauv cov dej tshiab thiab ntsev. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, lawv nqa tawm lub voj voog ntawm hlau nyob rau hauvxwm, thiab hauv kev lag luam yog siv los tsim cov tooj liab ntshiab. Cov kab mob no kuj muaj nyob rau lithoautotrophs, muaj peev xwm ntawm synthesizing ib co ntsiab ntawm lawv cov hlwb los ntawm carbonic acid.
kab mob sulfur
Cov kab mob, chemosynthesizing tshuaj los ntawm cov sulfur tebchaw, tuaj yeem nyob sib cais ntawm cov dej hauv qab los yog tsim kev sib txuam nrog mollusks thiab marine invertebrates. Lawv siv hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, thionic acids los yog molecular sulfur ua lub hauv paus ntawm oxidation. Cov kab mob no yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov txheej txheem chemosynthesis. Cov pab pawg no ntawm prokaryotes kuj suav nrog qee qhov phototrophic prokaryotes. Piv txwv li, xws li cov kab mob ntshav liab lossis ntsuab sulfur.
Nitrifying bacteria
Nitrifying kab mob nyob rau hauv cov hauv paus hniav ntawm leguminous nroj tsuag. Chemosynthetic prokaryotes ntawm pab pawg no oxidize ammonia rau nitric acid. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog nqa tawm hauv ntau theem nrog kev tsim cov tshuaj nruab nrab. Kuj tseem muaj cov kab mob kho nitrogen hauv cov av. Lawv nyob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag leguminous. Nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev hauv av, lawv tsim cov yam ntxwv thickenings. Nyob rau hauv xws li formations, ib tug haum ib puag ncig yog tsim rau cov ndlwg ntawm chemosynthesis. Lub symbiosis ntawm cov nroj tsuag nrog cov kab mob nodule yog kev sib pab. Thawj muab prokaryotes nrog cov organic teeb meem tau txais thaum lub sij hawm photosynthesis. Cov kab mob, ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj peev xwm kho atmospheric nitrogen thiab hloov mus rau hauv daim ntawv siv tau raunroj tsuag.
Vim li cas tus txheej txheem no tseem ceeb heev? Tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, qhov concentration ntawm nitrogen yog heev siab thiab tus nqi mus rau 78%. Tab sis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, cov nroj tsuag tsis tuaj yeem nqus tau cov tshuaj no. Nroj tsuag xav tau nitrogen rau hauv paus kev loj hlob. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, cov kab mob nodule tuaj cawm, uas hloov nws mus rau hauv daim ntawv nitrate thiab ammonium.
Thion bacteria
Thion prokaryotes kuj yog cov kab mob chemosynthetic. Lawv lub zog qhov chaw yog ntau yam sulfur compounds. Hom kab mob no txo lawv mus rau sulfuric acid. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog nrog los ntawm kev txo qis hauv pH ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Cov kab mob thionic belongs rau pab pawg ntawm acidophiles. Cov no suav nrog cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm acidity siab. Xws li tej yam kev mob yog ib txwm rau swamps. Ua ke nrog thianaceae, pawg no yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob lactic thiab acetic acid, flagellates thiab rotifers.
Hydrogen bacteria
Cov hom prokaryotes no yog cov neeg nyob hauv av. Lawv oxidize molecular hydrogen rau dej nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog. Cov kab mob no kuj muaj nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg ntawm thermophiles. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm ciaj sia ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag 50 degrees Celsius. Qhov peev xwm ntawm cov kab mob hydrogen no yog vim qhov tseeb tias lawv zais cov enzymes tshwj xeeb uas ua haujlwm txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no.
RoleCov kab mob chemosynthetic
Chemotrophs ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab ncig ntawm cov tshuaj sib xws hauv qhov xwm txheej. Txij li thaum hydrogen sulfide thiab ammonia yog cov tshuaj lom heev, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis muaj zog. Qhov no kuj yog ua los ntawm cov kab mob chemotrophic. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm kev hloov tshuaj, cov khoom tsim nyog rau lwm yam kab mob yog tsim, uas ua rau lawv ib txwm loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob. Loj deposits ntawm hlau thiab manganese ores nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub hiav txwv thiab swamps tshwm sim vim cov kev ua ntawm chemotrophs. Namely, kab mob hlau.
Tus txiv neej tau kawm siv cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm chemotrophs hauv lawv cov dej num. Piv txwv li, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kab mob sulfur lawv ntxuav cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm hydrogen sulfide, tiv thaiv hlau thiab pob zeb kav los ntawm corrosion, thiab av los ntawm acidification.
Yog li, cov kab mob chemosynthetic yog cov prokaryotes tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm ua cov tshuaj lom neeg tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej anaerobic. Cov kab mob no oxidize cov khoom. Lub zog uas tau tso tawm hauv qhov no yog thawj zaug khaws cia hauv ATP daim ntawv cog lus, thiab tom qab ntawd siv los ua cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej. Cov tseem ceeb yog hlau-, sulfur- thiab nitrogen-fixing kab mob. Lawv nyob hauv ob qho tib si dej thiab av ib puag ncig. Chemotrophs yog ib qho tseem ceeb txuas rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov khoom, muab cov kab mob nyob nrog cov khoom tsim nyog thiab tau siv dav los ntawm tib neeg hauv lawv cov kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam.
