Thaum xub pom, zoo li niaj hnub taxonomy twb tau txheeb xyuas tag nrho cov se tseem ceeb thiab tsis muaj teeb meem. Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog qhov tseeb. Koj puas tau hnov txog qhov systematic unit li protists? Yog tsis yog, peb tsab xov xwm yog rau koj.
Discovery keeb kwm
Protists yog ib lub tswv yim uas tau xub qhia rau hauv kev tshawb fawb los ntawm German naturalist Ernst Haeckel. Nws tshwm sim hauv 1886. Lub sijhawm ntawd, ob lub nceeg vaj ntawm kev muaj sia nyob tau paub: Nroj tsuag thiab Tsiaj. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau cais tag nrho lwm cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob ua protists. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb tsis nyob twj ywm. Taxonomists hu ua tus thawj coj tshiab, tsim taxa. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1969, American ecologist Roberg Whittaker piav protists nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub txoj kev. Los ntawm txoj kev, tus kws tshawb fawb no hu ua tus sau ntawm "tsib lub nceeg vaj" system. Qhov kev faib tawm ntawm txhua yam muaj sia no tseem cuam tshuam txog niaj hnub no.
yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv
Cov kws tshaj lij suav nrog txhua yam kabmob uas nws lub cev tsis tsim cov ntaub so ntswg tiag. Thiab nws tsis muaj teeb meem pes tsawg lub hlwb lawv raug tsim. Cov qauv ntawm protists yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug nucleus. Ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv pab pawg noalgae nyob. Heterotrophic protists yog sawv cev los ntawm protozoa thiab cov kab mob zoo li nceb.
qauv ntawm algae
Kev piav qhia ntawm protists, cia peb pib nrog thawj cov nroj tsuag uas tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb - algae. Ntawm lawv muaj cov neeg sawv cev unicellular. Cov no yog chlamydomonas thiab chlorella. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lawv tag nrho lub cev yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug cell, lawv nqa tawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm lub neej. Qhov no yog ua pa los ntawm daim nyias nyias, txav nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug flagellum, autotrophic khoom noj khoom haus, yug me nyuam los ntawm kev faib ua ob los yog spore tsim. Multicellular algae muaj ntau haiv neeg. Hauv lawv lub cev, cov hlwb txuas nrog anatomically tab sis tsis tsim cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov qauv no hu ua thallus, lossis thallus.
Heterotrophic protists
Pab pawg no suav nrog cov tsiaj uas muaj peev xwm pub tau tsuas yog npaj cov organic chiv. Heterotrophic protists yog unicellular, los yog protozoan tsiaj. Txawm tias lub npe, lawv cov qauv kuj yog heev complex. Ib qho ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws yog cov khau ciliate. Zoo li txhua tus tsiaj, lawv cov cuab yeej saum npoo yog sawv cev los ntawm cov ntshav plasma thiab cov pellicle, uas yog txheej txheej ntawm cov cytoplasm. Cov organelles mus tas li ntawm cov protists yog digestive thiab contractile vacuoles. Thawj nqa tawm cov enzymatic tawg ntawm cov organic tshuaj, thiab qhov thib ob - cov kev cai ntawm osmotic siab thiab dej- ntsev metabolism.
Ciliates txawm muajtxheej txheem kev sib deev, uas yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm conjugation. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ob tug tsiaj mus cuag ib leeg, ib tug cytoplasmic choj yog tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lawv, nrog rau cov nuclei pauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm noob caj noob ces. Cov organelles ntawm kev txav ntawm heterotrophic protists muaj ntau haiv neeg. Hauv ciliates, cov no yog ntau cilia, hauv euglena - ib qho flagellum. Tab sis cov amoeba Proteus tsim cov protrusions tsis tas li ntawm lub cytoplasm, uas yog hu ua pseudopodia, los yog pseudopodia.
Mushroom-like protists
Pab pawg neeg tiv thaiv no zoo li cov nceb tiag tiag. Piv txwv li, lub cev ntawm labyrinthules yog sawv cev los ntawm reticulated wandering plasmodia. Thiab cov phab ntsa ntawm tes ntawm oomycetes muaj cov cellulose nruj. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm asexual reproduction, lawv tsim mobile zoospores. Cov yam ntxwv no kuj yog yam ntxwv ntawm ib nrab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Hyphochytridia, feem ntau yog cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev ntawm algae thiab invertebrates.
Unique Features
Cov neeg tiv thaiv yog cov kab mob uas muaj cov yam ntxwv txawv txawv. Cov no suav nrog cov pseudopodia ntawm nceb zoo li labyrinthules. Lawv sib koom ua ke nrog cov qauv zoo sib xws ntawm cov hlwb nyob sib ze, ua rau tag nrho lub network. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm chrysophyte tau nruab nrog kev loj hlob tshwj xeeb hu ua haptonema. Nws muaj microtubules nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm tus kwj dej ntawm endoplasmic reticulum. Dinophyte algae muaj cov qauv tsim hluav taws xob tsuas yog rau lawv, cov chromosomes uas ib txwm nyob hauv lub xeev spiralized.
polyphilia yog dab tsi
Ntau zaus, protists hu ua polyphyleticpab pawg los yog taxon. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws muaj pes tsawg leeg suav nrog cov kab mob uas tau ua pov thawj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm cov kab ke uas tsis suav nrog hauv qhov no. Yog li, protozoa belongs rau tsiaj lub nceeg vaj, thiab algae belongs rau lub nceeg vaj cog. Polyphyletic taxa tsis yog ib feem ntawm niaj hnub taxonomy, vim lawv cov neeg sawv cev tsis muaj ib tug poj koob yawm txwv. Piv txwv ntawm cov pab pawg no yog cov tsiaj ntshav txias lossis kab mob autotrophic.
Yog li, protists yog cov kab mob eukaryotic uas tsis tsim cov ntaub so ntswg tiag. Ntawm lawv muaj unicellular thiab multicellular hom, auto- thiab heterotrophs. Cov neeg sawv cev niaj hnub ntawm protists suav nrog algae, protozoa thiab cov kab mob zoo li nceb.
