Ua haujlwm piav txog tsiaj thiab cov ntaub so ntswg tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 17th. Thawj botanists-anatomists - Gru thiab Malpighi - tshawb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv, thiab kuj qhia txog cov ntsiab lus xws li prosenchyma thiab parenchyma. Feem ntau, biology cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm txog cov qauv. Fabrics muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib xyaw, kev ua haujlwm, keeb kwm. Tom ntej no, peb xav paub ntau ntxiv txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv no. Kab lus yuav nthuav qhia ib lub rooj ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Hauv nws koj tuaj yeem pom cov pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv, lawv qhov chaw thiab cov haujlwm.
Biology: cov ntaub so ntswg. Classification
Lub tswv yim rau kev faib cov qauv raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tau tsim los ntawm Haberlandt thiab Schwendener thaum tig ntawm 19th-20th centuries. Cov ntaub so ntswg yog cov pab pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas muaj tib lub hauv paus chiv keeb, homogeneous muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ua haujlwm tib yam. Cov qauv raug cais raws li cov qauv sib txawv. Piv txwv li, cov ntaub so ntswg muaj xws li:
- Main.
- Kev coj ua.
- Meristems (kev kawm).
- Integuments.
- Excretory.
- Mechanical.
Yog cov ntaub so ntswg muajcov hlwb uas muaj ntau dua lossis tsawg dua cov qauv thiab cov haujlwm, lawv hu ua yooj yim. Yog hais tias cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo ib yam, ces tag nrho cov system yog hu ua complex los yog complex. Hom ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm ib pawg los yog lwm yam yog muab faib, nyob rau hauv lem, mus rau hauv pawg. Piv txwv li, cov qauv kev kawm muaj xws li:
- Apical.
- Lateral - theem nrab (phellogen, cambium) thiab thawj (pericycle, procambium).
- Npaj.
- Insert.
Hom cog cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm hom tseem ceeb suav nrog kev cia thiab assimilation parenchyma. Phloem (bast) thiab xylem (ntoo) yog suav tias yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Integumentary (borderline) cog cov ntaub so ntswg:
- Sab nraud: theem nrab (periderm), thawj (epiderm), tertiary (rhytidoma, lossis crust); velamen, rhizoderma.
- Internal: exo- thiab endoderm, parietal hlwb los ntawm vascular nplooj bundles.
Cov qauv siv tshuab (skeletal, txhawb nqa) tau muab faib ua sclerenchyma (sclereids, fibers), collenchyma. Thiab cov pab pawg kawg yog excretory (secretory) cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag kab mob.
Kev Kawm Txuj Ci: Txheej txheem cej luam
Cov nroj tsuag no (meristems) yog pab pawg ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tsis tu ncua, nquag faib cov hlwb. Lawv nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw loj hlob ntawm ntau yam kabmob. Piv txwv li, lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau saum ntawm stems, lub tswv yim ntawm cov hauv paus hniav, thiab lwm qhov chaw. Vim lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug cog cell nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, muaj ib tug nruam kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab tsim ntawm mus tas licov khoom thiab lub cev.
Txoj kev ntawm meristem
Nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag, nws tuaj yeem ua apical (apical), lateral (lateral), intercalary (intercalary), qhov txhab. Cov qauv kuj muab faib ua theem nrab thiab thawj. Cov tom kawg suav nrog hom apical ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov qauv no txiav txim siab kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv ntev. Hauv cov nroj tsuag qis dua (ferns, horsetails), apical meristems tsis muaj zog. Lawv tsuas yog sawv cev los ntawm ib qho pib, lossis pib ntawm tes. Hauv angiosperms thiab gymnosperms, apical meristems tau hais tau zoo heev. Lawv tau sawv cev los ntawm ntau lub hlwb thawj zaug uas tsim cov cones loj hlob. Lateral structures feem ntau yog theem nrab. Ua tsaug rau lawv, kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav, stems (axial organ tag nrho) nyob rau hauv tuab yog nqa tawm. Lateral hom ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg yog phellogen thiab cambium. Ua tsaug rau cov haujlwm ntawm thawj zaug, cork yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov hauv paus hniav thiab stems. Cov pab pawg no kuj suav nrog cov ntaub npog qhov cua - lentils. Lub lateral meristem, zoo li lub cambium, tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm bast thiab ntoo. Hauv lub neej tsis zoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cambium qeeb lossis nres kiag li. Intercalated meristems feem ntau yog thawj. Lawv raug khaws cia ua thaj ua rau thaj ua rau thaj tsam ntawm kev loj hlob nquag: ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm internodes thiab petioles ntawm cereal nplooj, piv txwv li.
Integumentary structures
Txoj haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm qhov nopab pawg yog los tiv thaiv kab lis kev cai los ntawm kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm ib puag ncig. Kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo, tshwj xeeb, yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog evaporation ntau dhau, hnub ci overheating, ziab cua, txhua yam kev puas tsuaj, nkag mus ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob fungi. Muaj cov ntaub so ntswg hauv nruab nrab thiab theem nrab. Thawj qeb suav nrog epiblema thiab daim tawv nqaij (epidermis). Phelloderma, cork cambium, cork yog suav tias yog cov ntaub so ntswg hauv nruab nrab.
Txoj kev ntawm cov qauv
Txhua lub cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag txhua xyoo yog npog nrog daim tawv nqaij, ntsuab tua ntawm tsob ntoo perennial qoob loo nyob rau lub caij cog qoob loo tam sim no, feem ntau, herbaceous saum toj-hauv av ntawm cog. Cov tom kawg, tshwj xeeb, yog nplooj, paj, stems.
Cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg: epidermis
Raws li txoj cai, nws muaj ib txheej ntawm cov txheej txheem kaw. Hauv qhov no, tsis muaj qhov chaw intercellular. Lub epidermis yog heev yooj yim tshem tawm thiab yog ib tug pob tshab nyias zaj duab xis. Qhov no yog cov ntaub so ntswg nyob, uas suav nrog cov txheej txheem maj mam ntawm protoplast nrog lub nucleus thiab leukoplasts, lub vacuole loj. Qhov kawg occupies yuav luag tag nrho cov cell. Cov phab ntsa sab nrauv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov epidermis yog tuab dua, thaum cov phab ntsa sab hauv thiab sab nraud yog nyias. Cov tom kawg muaj pores. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov epidermis yog kev tswj hwm ntawm kev hloov pauv roj thiab kev hloov pauv roj. Nws yog nqa tawm mus rau qhov ntau dua los ntawm stomata. Inorganic compounds thiab dej nkag mus rau hauv lub pores. Hauv cov nroj tsuag sib txawv, cov hlwb epidermal txawv qhov loj thiab cov duab. Ntau cov qoob loo monocot muaj cov qauv tsim uas yog elongated nyob rau hauv ntev. Feem ntau dicot plantations muaj winding sidewalls. Qhov no nce qhov ceev ntawm lawv cov kev sib txuas nrog ib leeg. Cov qauv ntawm cov epidermis nyob rau sab sauv thiab qis ntawm nplooj yog txawv. Muaj ntau lub stomata hauv qab no dua li saum toj no. Cov nroj tsuag dej nrog nplooj ntab saum npoo av (dej lilies, tshuaj ntsiav) muaj lawv tus kheej yam ntxwv. Lawv stomata tsuas yog nyob rau sab sauv ntawm lub phaj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag kiag li submerged nyob rau hauv dej, cov formations yog tsis tuaj.
Stoma
Cov no yog cov tsim tshwj xeeb hauv cov epidermis. Lub stomata muaj 2 lub hlwb thiab qhov sib txawv - qhov tsim ntawm lawv. Cov khoom tsim muaj cov duab crescent. Lawv tswj qhov luaj li cas ntawm lub slit tsim. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, yuav kaw thiab qhib nyob rau hauv raws li lub turgor siab nyob rau hauv lub kaw ntsiab lus, nyob ntawm seb cov concentration ntawm carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv cov huab cua thiab lwm yam. Thaum nruab hnub, cov cell stomatal koom nrog hauv photosynthesis. Thaum lub sij hawm no, turgor siab yog siab, thiab lub slit-zoo li tsim yog qhib. Thaum tsaus ntuj, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws raug kaw. Qhov no tshwm sim yog pom ob lub sij hawm qhuav thiab nrog wilting ntawm nplooj. Nws yog vim lub peev xwm ntawm stomata khaws cov dej noo hauv.
Cov Qauv Txheej Txheem
Parenchyma nyob feem ntau ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lwm cov ntaub so ntswg mus tas li nyob rau hauv qia, cov hauv paus hniav thiab lwm yam hauv nruab nrog cev. Cov qauv tseem ceeb feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom nyob uas muaj ntau hom. Cells tej zaum yuav nyias-walled, tab sis qee zaum thickened,lignified, nrog yooj yim pores, parietal cytoplasm. Lub parenchyma muaj cov pulp ntawm nplooj thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, lub hauv paus ntawm rhizomes thiab stems, lawv cov tawv ntoo. Muaj ob peb pawg ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Yog li, ntawm cov qauv tseem ceeb, muaj: huab cua-cov kabmob, aquifer, cia thiab assimilation. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg hauv pawg no yog khaws cov khoom noj khoom haus.
Chlorophyllon-cov kabmob parenchyma
Chlorenchyma - cov ntaub so ntswg assimilation - cov qauv uas photosynthesis tshwm sim. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog qhov txawv ntawm cov phab ntsa nyias. Lawv muaj cov nucleus thiab chloroplasts. Cov tom kawg, zoo li cytoplasm, nyob hauv phab ntsa. Chlorenchyma yog nyob ncaj qha rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nws yog feem ntau concentrated nyob rau hauv ntsuab cov tub ntxhais hluas tua thiab nplooj.
Aerenchyma
Cov ntaub so ntswg-cov kabmob yog cov qauv uas tsim muaj cov chaw sib txuas hauv ntau yam kabmob. Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm swampy, dej thiab ntug dej hiav txwv cov qoob loo, uas nws cov hauv paus hniav yog nyob rau hauv oxygen-poor silt. Huab cua mus txog cov kab mob qis nrog kev pab ntawm cov kab mob sib kis. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib txuas lus ntawm qhov chaw intercellular thiab huab cua yog ua los ntawm peculiar pneumatodes. Vim aerenchyma, lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm cov nroj tsuag txo. Qhov no, pom tseeb, piav qhia txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov qoob loo hauv dej kom tswj tau qhov chaw ncaj, thiab nplooj - kom nyob rau saum npoo.
Aquifer
Cov ntaub no khaws cov dej noo hauv cov stems thiab nplooj ntawm succulent nroj tsuag thiab cov qoob loo hauv thaj chaw ntsev. Thawj, piv txwv li, suav nrog cacti, poj niam rog, agave, aloe thiab lwm yam. Rau qhov thib ob- zuag, sarsazan, hodgepodge thiab lwm yam. Cov ntaub so ntswg no tsim tau zoo hauv sphagnum moss.
Storage structures
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, ntawm ib qho chaw hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai, cov khoom metabolic pib tso rau. Cov no yog, tshwj xeeb, cov rog, carbohydrates thiab lwm yam. Cells nyob rau hauv cia cov ntaub so ntswg yog feem ntau nyias-walled. Cov qauv yog dav sawv cev rau hauv paus thickenings, qhov muag teev, tubers, qia cores, kab mob, endosperm thiab lwm qhov chaw.
Mechanical npog
Kev txhawb nqa ntaub ua ib hom kev txhawb zog lossis "lub tso suab" (los ntawm Greek. "khoom", "durable"). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv yog los muab kev tiv thaiv rau dynamic thiab static loads. Raws li qhov no, cov ntaub so ntswg muaj qee yam qauv. Hauv cov qoob loo hauv av, lawv tsim ntau dua nyob rau hauv axial seem ntawm tua - qia. Cells tuaj yeem nyob ntawm qhov chaw, cais thaj chaw lossis ib lub tog raj kheej.
Collenchyma
Nws yog ib qho yooj yim thawj cov ntaub so ntswg uas muaj nyob hauv cellular cov ntsiab lus: cytoplasm, nucleus, qee zaum chloroplasts. Muaj peb pawg ntawm collenchyma: xoob, lamellar thiab angular. Xws li kev faib tawm yog nqa tawm raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm thickening ntawm cov hlwb. Yog hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv cov ces kaum, ces tus qauv yog angular, yog hais tias nws yog parallel mus rau saum npoo ntawm qia thiab ncaj ncaj tusyees, ces qhov no yog lamellar collenchyma. Cov ntaub so ntswg yog tsim los ntawm lub ntsiab meristem thiab nyob rau hauv lub epidermis ntawm ib tug deb ntawm ib los yog ntau txheej ntawm nws.
Sclerenchyma
Cov ntaub siv tshuab no suav tias yog qhov ntau. Nws muaj cov qauv tsim nrog lignified thiab cov phab ntsa tuab tuab thiab ib qho me me ntawm qhov zoo li qhov pores. Cells nyob rau hauv sclerenchyma yog elongated nyob rau hauv ntev, lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug prosenchymal puab nrog taw tes xaus.
Cov qauv kev coj ua
Cov ntaub so ntswg no muab kev thauj cov khoom noj khoom haus. Nws yog ua nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev. Lub transpiration (ascending) tam sim no ntawm aqueous daws thiab ntsev mus los ntawm tracheids thiab hlab ntsha los ntawm cov hauv paus hniav mus rau nplooj raws qia. Assimilation (descending) txav tshwm sim los ntawm sab sauv mus rau hauv av los ntawm tshwj xeeb sieve raj ntawm phloem. Cov ntaub so ntswg conductive tuaj yeem muab piv rau qee txoj hauv kev rau tib neeg cov hlab ntsha, vim nws muaj radial thiab axial network. Cov zaub mov nkag mus rau txhua lub cell hauv lub cev.
YExcretory fibers
Secretory cov ntaub so ntswg yog cov tsim tshwj xeeb uas muaj peev xwm zais lossis cais hauv lawv tus kheej cov kua nruab nrab thiab cov khoom lag luam metabolic. Cov tom kawg yog hu ua secrets. Yog tias lawv tawm hauv cov nroj tsuag, ces cov ntaub so ntswg sab nraud tau koom nrog hauv qhov no, thiab yog tias lawv nyob hauv, ces cov txheej txheem sab hauv koom nrog, feem. Kev tsim cov khoom ua kua yog txuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm daim nyias nyias thiab Golgi complex. Secrets ntawm hom no yog tsim los tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag los ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov tsiaj, puas los ntawm pathogens los yog kab. IntrasecretoryCov qauv yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm resin ducts, idioblasts, tseem ceeb roj raws, lactifers, receptacles rau secretions, qog thiab lwm yam.
Table of Plant Tissues
| Npe | Qhov chaw | Functions |
| Apical | Root lus qhia (kev loj hlob cones), tua cov ntsiab lus | Kev loj hlob ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub cev vim kev faib cov cell, tsim cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov hauv paus, nplooj, qia, paj |
| Sib | qia thiab cag loj hlob hauv tuab; cambium deposits ntoo hlwb sab hauv thiab bast sab nraud | |
| Daim tawv nqaij (epidermis) | Npog nplooj, stems ntsuab, tag nrho cov paj | Tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm qhov hloov pauv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, ziab tawm, kev puas tsuaj. |
| Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws | Kev npog overwintering tubers, stems, keeb kwm, rhizomes | |
| Crust | Npua hauv qab tsob ntoo trunks | |
| Vessels | Xylem (ntoo) khiav raws cov leeg ntawm nplooj, cag, stems | Nqa dej thiab pob zeb hauv av mus rau hauv paus, qia, nplooj, paj |
| Sieve tubes | Phloem (bast), nyob raws cov leeg ntawm nplooj, cag, qia | tuav cov organictebchaw hauv paus, qia, paj ntawm nplooj |
| Vascular fibrous bundles | Lub tog raj kheej hauv nruab nrab ntawm qia thiab hauv paus; paj thiab nplooj veins | Nqa cov ntoo pob zeb hauv av thiab dej; ntawm bast - organic khoom; ua kom lub cev muaj zog, koom ua ke rau hauv ib leeg |
| Mechanical | Nyob ib ncig ntawm vascular fibrous vascular bundles | Nyob rau hauv lub cev los ntawm scaffolding |
| Kev sib haum xeeb | Ntsuab stems, nplooj pulp. | Gas pauv, photosynthesis. |
| Reserve | hauv paus, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, tubers, qij, noob | khaws cia cov protein, rog, thiab lwm yam (starch, qab zib, fructose, qabzib) |
