Lub caij biogenic uas nquag koom nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm biohydrocenosis yog ammonium nitrogen.
Environmental situation
Hauv cov dej ntws, ib tus tuaj yeem soj ntsuam qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom no: nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav nws tsawg dua, tab sis nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov, vim muaj qhov kub thiab txias, nws cov concentration nce ntau, vim tias cov organic teeb meem decomposes loj heev.
Thiab qhov no cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev huv ntawm lub cev dej, uas ua rau nws tsim nyog los ntxiv dag zog rau kev tswj hwm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm ecosystem. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tso cai rau cov dej hauv lub cev uas cov ntses ntes tau yog ib qho uas ammonium nitrogen tsis tshaj 0.39 milligrams ib liter.
Nyob hauv dej
Kev sib sau ntawm cov protein nitrogen yog raug rau ammonification, thiab cov txheej txheem no decomposes proteins mus rau lub xeev ammonium. Cov dej khib nyiab yog kho nrog qhov chaw ntawm nitrogen yog tias nws muaj cov khoom noj khoom haus carbon rau cov hlwb. Kev siv hnyav tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ntawm lawv txoj kev loj hlob, thiabThaum oxidation pib, ammonium nitrogen yog tso tawm raws li ammonia. Tom qab ntawd nws yog oxidized rau lub xeev ntawm nitrites thiab ces nitrates, los yog nws yog rov koom nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab synthesis.
Yuav kom tshem tawm ammonium nitrogen los ntawm lub reservoir, clinoptilolite yog siv, ces cov dej restores nws zoo. Cov yees txias tau muab tso rau hauv lub caij sov, thiab lub caij ntuj no lawv tau hloov los ntawm cov nroj tsuag ion pauv, ua tsaug rau cov khoom tsis zoo raug tshem tawm ntawm cov dej khib nyiab. Kev tshuaj xyuas tas li ua tiav, cov qauv raug coj mus rau ammonium nitrogen hauv dej, uas yog distilled tawm ntawm cov qauv coj mus, thiab tom qab ntawd nws cov nyiaj txiav txim siab hauv qhov tshwm sim distillate.
Yuav ua li cas ntxuav lub pas dej
Muaj cov khoom sib pauv ion hauv qhov hu ua clinoptilolite (ib chav kawm ntawm zeolites). Nws yog nrog nws cov kev pab hais tias nws yog advisable kom restore lub purity ntawm dej. Ammonium nitrogen tsis yaj tag nrho hauv dej, yog li koj yuav tsum xub tso nws tawm ntawm tag nrho cov khib nyiab, thiab tom qab ntawd muab dej rau cov lim dej clinoptilolite. Qhov no yog kev tu kim heev, tab sis nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws - nws nce mus txog cuaj caum xya feem pua.
Regeneration yuav xav tau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj sodium chloride - tsib lossis kaum feem pua. Tom qab ntawd lub load yuav tsum tau ntxuav nrog dej. Ammonia yuav raug tso tawm los ntawm kev daws, uas tuaj yeem nqus tau los ntawm sulfuric acid los ua ammonium sulfate, uas yog qhov zoo heev ua chiv. Ammonium nitrogen hauv dej khib nyiab, nrog rau nitrogen-muaj cov organic tebchaw, raug tshem tawm los ntawm ntau hom distillation, rho tawm, adsorption.
Txoj kev tau txais chiv
Txoj kev no yog qhov zoo yog tias kev txiav txim siab ntawm ammonium nitrogen yuav tsum tau. Nws lwm cov ntaub ntawv, uas muaj nyob rau hauv tib lub chiv - amide, nitrate - tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm txoj kev no. Ua ntej koj yuav tsum tau rho tawm ammonium nitrogen, hauv dej khib nyiab, piv txwv li, muaj ntau ntawm nws. Txoj kev no tau tham saum toj no. Tom ntej no, ib feem ntawm cov chiv yav tom ntej yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub hwj thiab nchuav nrog cov tshuaj hydrochloric acid (qhov concentration yuav tsum yog molar - 0.05 mol ib dm3). Lub raj mis yuav tsum tau shaken nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb apparatus rau tsawg kawg yog ib nrab ib teev, tom qab uas nws yuav infused rau txog kaum tsib teev.
Tom ntej no, co cov tshuaj dua thiab lim los ntawm cov lim dej pleated qhuav. Yaug cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub lim nrog tib cov tshuaj hydrochloric acid tsawg kawg peb zaug, tom qab ntawd lub ntim ntawm cov lim yuav tsum tau coj mus rau qhov qub ntim dua nrog cov kua qaub. Yog li, thawj zaug, kev txiav txim siab ntawm ammonium nitrogen hauv dej tau tshwm sim, thiab qhov thib ob, kev txiav txim siab ntawm nws cov nyiaj hauv cov txiaj ntsig chiv. Cov tom kawg yog li ntawm plaub caug mus rau ib puas thiab tsib caug milligrams ib liter, thiab caprolactam nyob rau hauv tib cov tshuaj muaj los ntawm yim mus rau yim caum milligrams ib liter. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus ammonium nitrogen tsawg dua nees nkaum milligrams, qhov kev sim yuav ua tsis tiav thiab txoj kev no tsis siv tau.
Qhov chaw muaj kuab paug
Cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov dej khib nyiab yog cov tshuaj tsis ruaj khov, lub sijhawm tsim nyog ntawm kev hloov kho rau kev loj hlob ntawm microflora, ntau tshaj ntawm cov organic thiab ntxhia hauv keeb kwm ntawm nitrogen. Ua ntejLos ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov chaw kho mob, cov dej khib nyiab sib xyaw nrog cov dej khib nyiab hauv tsev thiab hauv tsev thiab yog li qhov nruab nrab. Ammonium nitrogen (formula NH4+) yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej khib nyiab.
Cov peev txheej muaj kuab paug tuaj yeem yog dej khib nyiab los ntawm ntau yam kev lag luam - los ntawm cov khoom noj thiab kev kho mob mus rau metallurgical, coke, microbiological, tshuaj thiab petrochemical. Qhov no tseem tuaj yeem suav nrog tag nrho cov dej khib nyiab hauv tsev, quav quav, ua liaj ua teb - los ntawm teb. Yog li ntawd, cov proteins thiab urea yog decomposed, thiab nitrites thiab nitrates rov qab anaerobically.
Nyob zoo rau lub cev
Cov tshuaj no muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau tib neeg lub cev. Ammonia denatures proteins los ntawm reacts nrog lawv. Tom qab ntawd cov hlwb thiab, raws li, cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub cev nres ua pa, kev puas tsuaj rau lub hauv paus paj hlwb, daim siab, cov kab mob ua pa, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlab ntsha raug cuam tshuam. Yog tias dej nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm ammonium siv tas li, qhov sib npaug ntawm cov kua qaub-puag poob, acidosis pib.
mus txog qib tshuaj lom. Cov menyuam yaus muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb los ntawm qhov no. Methemoglobinemia txhim kho, kev tswj hwm oxygen hauv lub cevraug puas tsuaj sai sai, kab mob plab pib mob ua ntej.
Dose limits
Cov neeg mob ntawm methemoglobinemia pib thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm nitrates hauv dej nce mus txog tsib caug milligrams ib liter, thiab thaum lawv cov concentration nce mus txog cuaj caum-tsib milligrams ib liter, tus kab mob yuav kis tau. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Fabkis, Netherlands, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, cov kev tshawb fawb ntxaws tau ua tiav, uas pom tau tias ntau tshaj li tsib caug milligrams ntawm nitrates ib liter tuaj yeem pom hauv tsib caug feem pua ntawm cov neeg mob. Cov dej hauv av thiab cov dej zoo nqa cov nitrates kaum npaug siab dua qhov kev txwv - txog li ib thiab ib nrab txhiab milligrams ib liter, thaum Lub Koom Haum Ntiaj Teb Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv tau teeb tsa qhov txwv ntawm plaub caug tsib milligrams. Thiab yog cov dej uas neeg haus!
Thiab cov dej khib nyiab tau kho ntau txoj hauv kev - ob qho tib si lom neeg pom, thiab ozone oxidation, thiab alkaline ntiaj teb hlau hypochlorites, thiab aeration, thiab sorption, uas siv sodium form zeolites, thiab ion pauv resins, thiab kho nrog alkalis muaj zog., thiab flotation, thiab rov qab ammonium nrog hlau magnesium, thiab ntxiv cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm magnesium chloride nrog trisodium phosphate. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv thev naus laus zis yog ib txwm nyob deb ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ua pa phem.
Nutrients
Gas (NH3) ammonia yaj hauv cov dej ntuj thaum biochemical decomposition ntawm cov organic tebchaw, suav nrog ammonium nitrogen, tshwm sim. Tom qab ntawd lwm cov tebchaw yog tsim thiab sau - ammonium ion thiab ammonium nitrogen. Dissolved ammonia nkag mus rau hauv lub cev dej nrog underground los yog nto ntws, nrog dej phwj tuaj, nrog atmospheric nag lossis daus. Yog hais tias qhov concentration ntawm ammonium ion (NH 4+) tshaj tus nqi keeb kwm yav dhau, qhov no yuav txhais tau tias qhov tshwm sim tshiab thiab ze ze ntawm cov pa phem. Cov no tuaj yeem yog cov tsiaj txhu ua liaj ua teb lossis cov quav chiv, lossis tso tseg cov chiv nitrogen, cov chaw lag luam lag luam, lossis cov chaw kho mob hauv nroog.
Thiab cov tebchaw ntawm nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab, nkag mus rau hauv dej, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua cheeb tsam ntawm Russia. Kev kho cov dej khib nyiab tau dhau los ua ntau dua ib hnub dhau ib hnub, txij li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo, suav nrog cov tshuaj nitrogen, feem ntau tsuas yog dov. Qhov no cuam tshuam tsis yog dej haus xwb. Yuav luag tag nrho cov zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo sai sai khaws nitrates, lawv pom nyob rau hauv cov nyom thiab nplej uas cov tsiaj nyeg noj.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm NH3 thiab NH4 hauv dej
Reservoirs yeej ib txwm muaj nitrogen nyob rau hauv ob peb daim ntawv hloov pauv: ammonium ntsev thiab ammonia, albuminoid nitrogen (organic), nitrites (s alts ntawm nitrous acid) thiab nitrates (s alts ntawm nitric acid). Tag nrho cov no yog tsim ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm nitrogen mineralization, tab sis kom ntau dua los nrog cov dej khib nyiab. Tam sim no cov reservoirs yuav tsum tau ntxuav. Nitrogen tebchaw tuaj rau cov dej khib nyiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen thiab nitrogen khi los ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Cov dej khib nyiab ntawm tsev neeg txoj kev npaj muajib qho me me ntawm cov tshuaj no, kev lag luam xa lawv feem ntau mus rau hauv dej.
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm purification, qhov piv ntawm huab hwm coj concentrations ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm nitrogen tebchaw yog hloov tas li. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov dej khib nyiab tau sib txawv thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los, vim tias urea, uas muaj nyob hauv cov dej khib nyiab hauv tsev thiab hauv tsev, cuam tshuam nrog cov kab mob, decomposes thiab tsim cov ammonium ion. Qhov ntev ntawm cov kav dej phwj tuaj, cov txheej txheem no yuav mus ntxiv. Qee lub sij hawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ammonium ion ntawm nkag mus rau kev kho mob yog mus txog tsib caug milligrams ib cubic decimeter, uas yog heev, heev.
Nitrogen
Qhov no yog nitrogen, uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov organic tshuaj - cov proteins thiab cov proteins, polypepsides (siab molecular hnyav compounds), amino acids, carbamides (tsawg molecular hnyav compounds), amines, amides. Tag nrho cov organic teeb meem, suav nrog cov uas muaj nitrogen, nkag mus rau hauv dej khib nyiab, tom qab ntawd cov nitrogen tebchaw raug rau ammonization. Muaj ntau cov organic nitrogen hauv cov dej khib nyiab, qee zaum mus txog xya caum feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov nitrogen tebchaw. Tab sis raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ammoniation, tsis muaj ntau tshaj li kaum tsib feem pua ntawm cov organic nitrogen los rau hauv cov dej phwj kho cog ntawm txoj kev lim dej.
Tom ntej no, kev kho mob lom neeg tsim muaj tshwm sim. Thawj theem yog nitrification, uas yog, kev hloov pauv ntawm nitrogen tebchaw vim qee hom kab mob uas oxidize ammonium nitrogen rau hauv nitrate ion thiab nitrite ion. Nitrifying kab mob tsis tuaj yeem ntshai - lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam rau sab nraud thiab yooj yim hloov chaw. Tab sis nitrates, yog hais tias lawv nkag mus rau hauv lub reservoir,ua rau nws tuag, vim hais tias lawv yog ib qho khoom noj khoom haus zoo tshaj plaws rau ntau yam microflora. Yog vim li cas nitrates yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ntawm lub ecosystem.
Nitrites thiab nitrates
Yog cov dej phwj nkag mus rau hauv av, ces ammonium nitrogen nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm qee cov kab mob hloov ua ntej rau nitrites, ces mus rau nitrates. Qhov tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau hom yog nyob ntawm cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm nkag ntawm cov tebchaw nrog nitrogen rau hauv av, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau hauv lub reservoir.
Thaum dej nyab, qhov concentration ntawm nws cov organic cov ntaub ntawv nce ntxiv, vim tias cov organic residues raug ntxuav tawm ntawm cov av saum npoo, thiab lub caij ntuj sov lawv txo qis, vim tias lawv ua "khoom noj" rau ntau yam kab mob hauv dej. Nitrite yog ib qho nruab nrab ntawm oxidation ntawm ammonium nitrogen tending los ua nitrate. Nyob rau hauv cov dej ntuj, nitrates feem ntau tsis siab, tshwj tsis yog tias muaj kev ntxuav ntawm cov chiv los ntawm teb.
