Thaum hais rau ib tug neeg, peb sau npe rau peb tus neeg nyob. Lo lus no, raws li peb hu nws, yog hu ua nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus. Qee lub sij hawm nws tau nthuav tawm ntau lo lus, ntawm cov cim cim lossis cov ntawv sib txuas. Tsis tas li, feem ntau hauv kab lus, kab lus ua raws li kev thov rov hais dua. Piv txwv li: "Niam, kuv hlub koj. Niam thiab txiv, koj yog cov neeg hlub kuv tshaj plaws. Nyob zoo niam, kuv hlub koj."
Cov lus dab tsi qhia qhov kev thov rov hais dua
Ntau zaus cov no yog cov npe tsim nyog, npe menyuam yaus, lub npe menyuam yaus, animate common nouns. Tsawg zaus - cov khoom tsis muaj sia ua raws li kev thov rov hais dua. Piv txwv li: "Anna, tawm mus rau lub sam thiaj. Moscow, Kuv hlub koj ib yam li tus tub! Muab koj lub paw rau kuv, Jack. Cia peb hu nkauj, phooj ywg! Farewell, hiav txwv".
Dab tsi ntawm kev hais lus yog qhov rov hais dua?
- Nouns in the nominative case: "Koj tuaj yeem tos ntev npaum li cas, Boris ?!"
- Nouns in oblique case: "Hav, on the ship! drop the lifeboat!"
- Adjectives siv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub npe: "Cia peb tsis sib cav,hlub".
- Tus lej: "Kev txais tos, txais tos! Teb, plaub!"
- Participles: "Zoo siab ua neej nyob!"
Intonation emphasis
Koj tuaj yeem lees paub qhov kev thov rov hais dua los ntawm kev tsa lossis txo lub suab nrov, nres thiab lub suab nrov tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv rau kev sib piv: "Tus ntxhais qhib qhov rais. / Ntxhais, qhib qhov rais!"
Nyob rau hauv Lo Lus Lavxias, muaj txawm tias ib hom lus hais los hais txog kev thov rov hais dua. Ib feem, nws tau khaws cia hauv cov lus hais: "Kuv tus Vajtswv, tus Tswv, cov txiv ntawm lub teeb, thiab lwm yam."
Syntactic role
Hu tsis yog ib feem ntawm kab lus. Lawv tsis nqa ib qho semantic load, thiab lawv txoj hauj lwm tsuas yog ua kom pom cov neeg nyob hauv cov lus hais. Lawv tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus grammatical nrog cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus. Nov yog cov piv txwv nrog thiab tsis muaj kev hloov dua siab tshiab rau kev sib piv: "Txiv tau hais rau kuv nruj heev. / Txiv, nrog kuv tham." Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, lub npe "txiv" yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus thiab yog txuam nrog lub predicate "hais". Hauv qhov thib ob, lo lus no yog qhov chaw nyob, thiab nws tsis ua lub luag haujlwm sib luag.
Txoj kev xav
Kev xav ntawm kev xyiv fab thiab kev tu siab, npau taws thiab kev qhuas, kev saib xyuas thiab kev npau taws tuaj yeem nthuav tawm kev thov. Cov piv txwv qhia tau hais tias qhov kev xav yuav raug xa mus tsis yog los ntawm intonation xwb, tab sis kuj nrog kev pab ntawm cov lus, cov ntsiab lus, cov ntawv thov: "Nadya, tsis txhob tso peb!noj!"
Cov kab lus hais lus. Kev Hu Xov Tooj
Cov lus thov tuaj yeem ua tau zoo ib yam li cov kab lus hu ua. Cov kab lus no muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm semantic. Tab sis nws tsis muaj kev thov rov hais dua. Piv txwv ntawm kab lus hais lus thiab ib kab lus nrog kev thov rov hais dua: "Ivan! - nws hais nrog lub siab xav. / Peb yuav tsum tham, Ivan".
Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, peb tab tom hais txog cov lus hais uas muaj cov xim xim ntawm kev thov Vajtswv, kev poob siab, kev cia siab. Qhov thib ob, nws tsuas yog hu.
Piv txwv cov kab lus uas cov lus hais no feem ntau qhia tau hais tias kev hais lus thiab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws li cas: thiab kev ywj pheej, tsis nco qab tag nrho koj cov lus cog tseg, tsis txhob tos kev hlub tshua.
Nyob rau hauv cov lus hais, cov lus hais dav dav tau nthuav tawm hauv kab lus: "Hnub no, koj yuav mus qhov twg, txiv neej?"
Kev thov txim thiab hais lus zoo
Nyob rau hauv cov lus sau thiab hais lus, cov kab lus ruaj khov siv tau raws li kev thov: "Tsis txhob tsim txom kuv, kev nyuaj siab-ntev! Koj coj kuv mus qhov twg, stitches-tracks?"
Rau cov lus qhia, kev siv cov khoom siv nrog cov particle o yog qhov ntau heev. Yog hais tias qhov no yog siv nrog ib tug pronoun, nws yog feem ntau nrog ib tug meej subordinate clause: "Au, koj uas nyuam qhuav teb kuv nrog ib tug luag ntxhi, koj.ob lub qhov muag?"
Kev tuav cov khoom me me yog ntau dua hauv cov lus hais: "Masha, thiab Masha, peb cov porridge nyob qhov twg?"
Qhov chaw siv hauv kab lus
Qhov chaw nyob tuaj yeem yog qhov pib, nruab nrab thiab qhov kawg ntawm kab lus: "Andrey, nag hmo koj tau tshwm sim dab tsi? / Ua li cas rau koj, Andrey, nag hmo? / Dab tsi tshwm sim rau koj nag hmo, Andrey?"
Kev thov rov hais dua yuav tsis yog ib feem ntawm kab lus, tab sis siv nws tus kheej: "Nikita Andreevich! Zoo, vim li cas koj tsis mus?"
Cov cim cim thaum hais lus
Kev thov rov hais dua, txawm li cas los xij ntawm kab lus nws yuav yog, yog ib txwm sib cais los ntawm commas. Yog tias nws raug tshem tawm ntawm cov qauv thiab tsis muaj kev ywj pheej, feem ntau nws yog ib qho exclamation mark muab tso rau tom qab nws. Cia peb muab piv txwv ntawm kab lus nrog kev thov rov hais dua sib cais los ntawm cov cim cim.
- Yog hais tias qhov kev thov rov hais dua yog siv thaum pib ntawm ib kab lus, tom qab ntawd muab lub cim rau tom qab: "Ntawm Natalia Nikolaevna, hu nkauj rau peb!"
- Yog hais tias qhov kev thov rov hais dua nyob rau hauv kab lus, nws raug cais ntawm ob sab: "Kuv paub koj, nyob zoo, ntawm txoj kev koj taug kev".
- Yog hais tias qhov kev thov rov hais dua yog muab tso rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm kab lus, ces muab lub cim ua ntej nws, thiab tom qab nws kos npe tias lub intonation yuav tsum tau - lub sij hawm, lub ellipsis, ib qho exclamation mark lossis lo lus nug: "Dab tsi? Koj puas noj hmo, me nyuam?"
Thiab ntawm no yog cov piv txwv uas qhov kev thov rov hais dua yog sab nraum kab lus: "Sergei Vitalievich! Ceev ceev mus rau chav ua haujlwm! / Nyob zoo Niam!Kuv xav li cas txog koj nyob rau txawv teb chaws!"
Yog hais tias qhov chaw nyob yog siv nrog ib tug hais txog, ces tus cim cim ntawm nws thiab thov tsis hais: "Huag vaj, kuv ua pa tsw ntawm koj paj dua!"
Rhetorical chaw nyob
Feem ntau, chaw nyob yog siv hauv kev sib tham. Nyob rau hauv poetic, oratorical hais lus, lawv koom nyob rau hauv lub stylistic xim ntawm cov lus. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus yog rhetorical rov hais dua. Peb pom ib tug piv txwv nyob rau hauv lub nto moo paj huam los ntawm M. Yu. Lermontov "Kev tuag ntawm ib tug kws sau paj lug": "Koj, cov neeg siab hlob siab tawv sawv ntawm lub zwm txwv, yog cov executioners ntawm Kev ywj pheej, Genius thiab Glory!" (Qhov no, los ntawm txoj kev, kuj yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov chaw nyob.)
Qhov peculiarity ntawm qhov kev thov rov hais dua yog qhov, zoo li cov lus nug rhetorical, nws tsis xav tau cov lus teb lossis cov lus teb. Nws tsuas txhawb nqa cov lus qhia ntawm kev hais lus.
