Aniline yog cov organic compound uas muaj cov ntxhiab tsw qab thiab cov amino pawg txuas nrog nws. Nws kuj yog qee zaum hu ua phenylamine lossis aminobenzene. Nws yog cov kua roj oily, tsis muaj xim, tab sis nrog cov yam ntxwv tsw. Tshuaj lom heev.
Tau txais
Aniline yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nruab nrab, yog li nws tau tsim los ntawm qhov loj me. Industrial synthesis pib nrog benzene. Nws yog nitrated ntawm 60 ° C nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm sulfuric thiab nitric acids. Tom ntej no, cov txiaj ntsig nitrobenzene raug txo nrog hydrogen ntawm qhov kub txog li 250 ° C siv cov catalysts. Cov ntshav siab kuj tseem siv tau.
Hauv chav kuaj, txo qis tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog hydrogen thaum lub sijhawm tso tawm. Ua li no, nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov, nws yog xim hlau zinc los yog hlau reacted nrog ib tug acid. Qhov tshwm sim atomic hydrogen reacts nrog nitrobenzene.
Nws tuaj yeem tau txais aniline hauv ib theem yog tias benzene tau hnov mob nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm sodium azide thiab txhuas chloride. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntev12 teev. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog 63%.
Lub cev muaj zog
Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, aniline yog cov kua roj tsis muaj xim. Ntawm qhov kub ntawm -5.9 ° C, nws khov. Kub ntawm 184.4 ° C. Yuav luag ntom li dej (1.02 g/cm3). Aniline yog soluble hauv dej, txawm tias me ntsis. Tab sis nws yog miscible nyob rau hauv ib qho piv nrog ntau yam organic solvents: benzene, toluene, acetone, diethyl ether, ethanol thiab ntau lwm tus.
tshuaj muaj zog
Cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm aniline muaj ntau haiv neeg. Piv txwv li, nws nthuav tawm ob qho tib si acidic thiab yooj yim zog. Cov tom kawg yog vim qhov tseeb tias pawg amino tuaj yeem txuas cov hydrogen ion (proton) rau nws tus kheej. Li no lub npe ntawm cov txheej txheem no - protonation. Vim li no, aniline tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub, tsim cov ntsev:
C6H5NH2 + HCl → [C6 H5NH3+Cl-
Acidic zog tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias hydrogen atoms hauv cov amino pawg tau yooj yim cais tawm thiab hloov los ntawm lwm cov atoms. Yog li, aniline tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog alkali hlau. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog cov poov tshuaj ua tau yam tsis muaj catalysts, nrog sodium muaj cov catalysts yog tsim nyog: tooj liab, npib tsib xee, cob alt los yog ntsev ntawm cov hlau. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tuaj yeem mus nrog calcium, tab sis qhov no, cua sov rau 200 ° C yog qhov tsim nyog.
Hloov los ntawm hydrogen thiab radicals. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum aniline reacts nrog cawv. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug acidic nruab nrab, raws li nws yog tsim nyogprotonation ntawm cov amino pawg. Qhov kub ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib tov yuav tsum tau khaws cia ntawm li 220 ° C. Qee zaum kev kub siab yog siv. Cov khoom kawg muaj mono-, di- thiab trisubstituted aniline derivatives. Yog li ntawd, kom tau txais cov khoom ntshiab, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv purification, xws li distillation.
Alkylation tuaj yeem ua tiav siv alkyl halides. Ntau yam khoom kuj tuaj yeem tau txais ntawm no.
Aniline kuj tuaj yeem hnov qab ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw qab. Feem ntau cov no yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv electrophilic (nitration, sulfonation, alkylation, acylation). Cov amino pawg activates benzene core, yog li cov pab pawg tshiab tau mus rau hauv txoj hauj lwm para. Halogenation yog yooj yim heev. Hauv qhov no, tag nrho cov hydrogen atoms hauv lub nucleus raug hloov.
Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kev sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm aniline muaj ntau haiv neeg. Tsis yog txhua tus muaj npe ntawm no.
Daim ntawv thov
Vim nws lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, ntshiab aniline tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam raws li reagent lossis organic hnyav. Hauv kev lag luam, tag nrho cov aniline yog siv los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Piv txwv li, aniline phosphate yog siv los ua tus inhibitor (retarder) ntawm carbon steel corrosion.
Ib feem loj ntawm aniline mus rau kev tsim cov polyisocyanates, los ntawm qhov uas, dhau los, polyurethanes tau txais. Nws yog ib qho organic polymer uas siv rau hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam los ua cov pwm hloov pauv,tiv thaiv txheej, varnishes, sealants.
7% aniline yog siv los ua ib qho ntxiv rau cov khoom siv polymers. Nws tuaj yeem yog cov ntshiab aniline lossis cov khoom sib txuas tau los ntawm nws. Lawv ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg pib, stabilizers, plasticizers, tshuab tshuab, vulcanizers lossis polymerization accelerators. Qhov kev sib txawv no tau ua tiav vim muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb ntawm aniline.
Nitrogen-muaj cov organic tshuaj feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov dyes. Aniline tsis muaj kev zam. Ntau tshaj 150 qhov sib txawv dyes tau ncaj qha los ntawm nws, thiab ntau dua los ntawm nws cov derivatives. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog aniline dub, sib sib zog nqus dub pigment, nigrosines, indulins thiab azo dyes.
Txoj kev phem
Aniline yog tshuaj lom. Ib zaug nyob rau hauv cov ntshav, nws tsim cov tebchaw uas ua rau oxygen tshaib plab. Nws tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub cev hauv daim ntawv ntawm vapors, los ntawm daim tawv nqaij los yog mucous daim nyias nyias. Cov tsos mob ntawm aniline lom yog qaug zog, kiv taub hau, mob taub hau. Nrog rau kev ua xua hnyav dua, xeev siab, ntuav, thiab lub plawv dhia nce ntxiv.
Cov tshuaj no muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb. Hauv kev ua xua ntev ntev, nco tsis tau, pw tsaug zog, thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws tuaj yeem tshwm sim.
Kev pab ua ntej rau kev qaug cawv yog tshem tawm qhov chaw lom thiab ntxuav tus neeg raug mob nrog dej sov. Qhov no yuav pab yaj cov aniline uas tau nyob ntawm tus neeg raug mob daim tawv nqaij. Tseem muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb. Lawv raug txhaj rau hauv lub cev thaum mob hnyav.
