Sir Andrey Konstantinovich Geim yog ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Royal Society, tus phooj ywg ntawm University of Manchester thiab ib tug neeg Lavxias teb sab-British-Dutch physicist. Ua ke nrog Konstantin Novoselov, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics hauv 2010 rau nws txoj haujlwm ntawm graphene. Tam sim no nws yog Regius xibfwb thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Chaw rau Meso-Science thiab Nanotechnology ntawm University of Manchester.
Andrey Geim: biography
Yug rau 10/21/58 hauv tsev neeg ntawm Konstantin Alekseevich Geim thiab Nina Nikolaevna Bayer. Nws niam nws txiv yog Soviet engineers ntawm German keeb kwm. Raws li Geim, nws niam pog yog neeg Yudais thiab nws raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev tawm tsam Semitism vim nws lub xeem lub suab yog neeg Yudais. Game muaj ib tug kwv tij Vladislav. Xyoo 1965 nws tsev neeg tau tsiv mus rau Nalchik, qhov chaw nws kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv tshwj xeeb hauv lus Askiv. Tom qab kawm tiav nrog honors, nws ob zaug sim nkag mus rau MEPhI, tab sis tsis tau txais. Tom qab ntawd nws tau thov mus rau Moscow lub koom haum ntawm Physics thiab Technology, thiab lub sij hawm no nws tswj tau nkag mus. Raws li nwsRaws li nws hais, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau kawm nyuaj heev - lub siab muaj zog heev uas feem ntau cov neeg tawg thiab tawm ntawm lawv txoj kev kawm, thiab qee qhov xaus nrog kev nyuaj siab, schizophrenia thiab tua tus kheej.
Kev Kawm Ua Haujlwm
Andrey Geim tau txais nws daim ntawv kawm tiav xyoo 1982, thiab xyoo 1987 nws tau los ua PhD hauv hlau physics ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Solid State Physics ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb hauv Chernogolovka. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd nws tsis xav ua raws li cov lus qhia no, nyiam cov khoom siv hluav taws xob qis lossis astrophysics, tab sis hnub no nws txaus siab rau nws qhov kev xaiv.
Game ua haujlwm ua tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Microelectronics Technology ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, thiab txij li xyoo 1990 ntawm University of Nottingham (ob zaug), Bath thiab Copenhagen. Raws li nws, nws tuaj yeem tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws, thiab tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev nom kev tswv, yog vim li cas nws thiaj txiav txim siab tawm hauv USSR.
Ua haujlwm hauv Netherlands
Andrey Geim tau coj nws thawj txoj haujlwm puv sijhawm hauv 1994, thaum nws tau los ua tus pabcuam xibfwb hauv University of Nijmegen, qhov chaw nws kawm mesoscopic superconductivity. Tom qab ntawd nws tau txais kev ua pej xeem Dutch. Ib tug ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav yog Konstantin Novoselov, uas tau los ua nws tus khub tshawb fawb tseem ceeb. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li Geim, nws txoj haujlwm kev kawm hauv Netherlands nyob deb ntawm rosy. Nws tau txais cov xibfwb qhia ntawv ntawm Nijmegen thiab Eindhoven, tab sis nws tau muab nws tso tseg vim nws pom Dutch txoj kev kawm dhau los thiab tag nrho ntawm kev coj tsis ncaj, nws txawv kiag li ntawm Askiv, qhov twg txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm muaj cai sib npaug. Hauv nws cov lus qhuab qhia Nobel, Game tom qab tau hais tias qhov xwm txheej no yog qhov tshwm sim me ntsis, ib yam li sab nraum phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv nws tau txais tos txais tos txhua qhov chaw, suav nrog nws tus thawj saib xyuas thiab lwm tus kws tshawb fawb.
Txiv mus rau UK
Nyob rau xyoo 2001, Game tau dhau los ua xibfwb ntawm Physics ntawm University of Manchester, thiab xyoo 2002 tau raug xaiv los ua Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Manchester Center rau Meso-Science thiab Nanotechnology thiab xibfwb Langworthy. Nws tus poj niam thiab tus neeg ua haujlwm ntev Irina Grigorieva kuj tau tsiv mus rau Manchester ua tus kws qhia ntawv. Tom qab ntawd Konstantin Novoselov koom nrog lawv. Txij li xyoo 2007, Game tau ua Tus Neeg Laus Loj ntawm Engineering thiab Physical Science Research Council. Hauv 2010, University of Nijmegen tau tsa nws tus xibfwb ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Tshiab thiab Nanoscience.
Kev Tshawb Fawb
Kev ua si tau pom ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim los cais ib txheej ntawm graphite atoms, hu ua graphene, koom tes nrog cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Manchester thiab IMT. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2004, pab pawg tau tshaj tawm lawv qhov kev tshawb pom hauv phau ntawv Journal Science.
Graphene muaj ib txheej ntawm carbon, cov atoms uas yog teem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob-dimensional hexagons. Nws yog cov khoom siv thinnest nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, nrog rau ib qho ntawm cov muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab nyuaj tshaj plaws. Cov tshuaj muaj ntau yam siv tau thiab yog lwm txoj hauv kev zoo rau silicon. Ib qho ntawm thawj qhov kev siv rau graphene tuaj yeem yog kev txhim kho ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, Geim hais. Nws tsis tau patent cov khoom tshiab vim nws yuav xav tau ib yamScope thiab koom tes hauv kev lag luam.
Tus kws kho mob tau tsim cov nplaum biomimetic uas tau hu ua gecko daim kab xev vim qhov nplaum ntawm gecko cov ceg. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tseem nyob rau theem pib, tab sis twb tau muab kev cia siab tias yav tom ntej tib neeg yuav tuaj yeem nce qab nthab zoo li Kab laug sab-txiv neej.
Hauv xyoo 1997, Game tau kawm txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau nplaum ntawm cov dej, uas ua rau muaj kev tshawb pom nto moo ntawm diamagnetic levitation ntawm dej, uas tau paub dav vim yog kev ua qauv qhia ntawm tus qav levitating. Nws kuj tau ua haujlwm ntawm superconductivity thiab mesoscopic physics.
Ntawm qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov kev kawm rau nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, Game tau hais tias nws saib tsis taus txoj hauv kev ntawm ntau tus neeg xaiv ib qho kev kawm rau lawv cov Ph. D. thiab tom qab ntawd txuas rau tib yam kev kawm mus txog thaum so haujlwm. Ua ntej nws tau txais nws thawj txoj haujlwm puv sijhawm, nws tau hloov nws qhov kev kawm tsib zaug thiab nws tau pab nws kawm ntau yam.
Nyob hauv ib daim ntawv xyoo 2001, nws muab nws lub npe hu ua nws tus hlub hamster Tisha ua tus sau.
Keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm graphene
Ib lub caij nplooj zeeg yav tsaus ntuj hauv 2002 Andrey Geim tau xav txog carbon. Nws tau tshwj xeeb hauv cov khoom siv microscopically nyias thiab xav paub seb cov txheej txheem thinnest yuav coj li cas hauv qee qhov kev sim. Graphite, tsim los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab monatomic, yog ib tus neeg sib tw pom tseeb rau kev tshawb fawb, tab sis cov qauv txheej txheem rau kev cais cov qauv ultrathin yuav overheat thiab rhuav tshem nws. Yog li Game tau muab ib qho ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav tshiab, Da Jiang,sim ua kom nyias nyias raws li qhov ua tau, txawm tias ob peb puas txheej ntawm atoms, los ntawm polishing graphite siv lead ua ib nti loj. Ob peb lub lis piam tom qab, Jiang tau nqa ib cov nplej ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide rau hauv lub tais petri. Tom qab kuaj xyuas nws nyob rau hauv lub tshuab ntsuas, Game hais kom nws rov sim dua. Jiang hais tias qhov no yog tag nrho cov uas tshuav ntawm cov siv lead ua. Thaum Game jokingly thuam nws rau so ib lub roob kom tau ib tug grain ntawm xuab zeb, ib tug ntawm nws cov neeg laus pom clumps ntawm siv daim kab xev nyob rau hauv lub khib nyiab pov tseg, lub nplaum sab uas yog them nrog ib tug grey, me ntsis ci iab zaj duab xis ntawm graphite residue.
Hauv cov chaw sim thoob ntiaj teb, cov kws tshawb fawb siv daim kab xev los ntsuas cov nplaum nplaum ntawm cov qauv kev sim. Cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide uas ua rau cov graphite yog xoob xoob (txij li xyoo 1564, cov khoom siv tau siv rau hauv cov xaum, vim nws tawm ntawm cov cim pom ntawm daim ntawv), yog li cov nplaum nplaum yooj yim cais cov nplai. Kev ua si tau tso ib daim kab xev rau hauv lub tshuab tsom iav thiab pom tias lub thickness ntawm cov graphite yog nyias dua li qhov nws tau pom tam sim no. Los ntawm folding, squeezing thiab rub sib nrug ntawm daim kab xev, nws tswj kom ua tiav txawm tias nyias txheej.
Kev ua si tau ua tiav hauv kev cais cov khoom siv ob sab thawj zaug: txheej txheej monatomic ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide, uas nyob rau hauv lub tshuab ntsuas atomic zoo li lub tiaj tus lattice ntawm hexagons, nco txog lub honeycomb. Theoretical physicists hu ua cov khoom graphene, tab sis lawv tsis xav tias nws tuaj yeem tau txais ntawm chav tsev kub. Nws zoo nkaus li rau lawv tias cov khoom yuav tawg mus rau hauv cov pob microscopic. Hloov chaw, Game pom tias graphene tseem nyob hauv ib qhodav hlau uas ripples raws li qhov teeb meem stabilizes.
Graphene: cov khoom zoo kawg li
Andrei Game tau sau npe kev pab los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav Konstantin Novoselov, thiab lawv pib kawm cov khoom tshiab kaum plaub teev hauv ib hnub. Hauv ob xyoos tom ntej no, lawv tau ua ntau qhov kev sim, thaum lawv pom cov khoom zoo kawg nkaus ntawm cov khoom. Vim nws cov qauv tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, tuaj yeem txav mus los ntawm cov lattice yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab nrawm nrawm. Lub conductivity ntawm graphene yog ntau txhiab zaus ntau dua li tooj liab. Kev tshwm sim thawj zaug kev ua si yog qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov lus hais tias "qhov tshwm sim" tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm hluav taws xob teb, uas tso cai rau kev tswj ntawm conduction. Cov nyhuv no yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm silicon siv nyob rau hauv computer chips. Qhov no qhia tias graphene tuaj yeem yog qhov hloov pauv uas cov tuam txhab siv computer tau nrhiav ntau xyoo.
Txoj kev rau kev lees paub
Game thiab Konstantin Novoselov tau sau peb nplooj ntawv piav qhia txog lawv qhov kev tshawb pom. Nws raug tsis lees paub ob zaug los ntawm Xwm, nrog rau ib tus neeg tshuaj xyuas hais tias kev cais cov khoom siv ruaj khov ob sab yog ua tsis tau, thiab lwm qhov tsis pom "kev vam meej txaus" hauv nws. Tab sis thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2004, ib tsab xov xwm hu ua "Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thick Carbon Films" tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Journal Science, ua rau muaj kev xav zoo rau cov kws tshawb fawb - ua ntej lawv ob lub qhov muag, kev xav tau los ua qhov tseeb.
Avalanche of Discoveries
Laboratories thoob ntiaj teb pib tshawb fawb siv Geim cov txheej txheem nplaum nplaum, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas lwm yam khoom ntawm graphene. Txawm hais tias nws yog cov khoom siv thinnest nyob hauv lub qab ntuj khwb, nws yog 150 npaug zog dua hlau. Graphene tau ua pov thawj tias nws tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim, zoo li roj hmab, thiab tuaj yeem ncav cuag 120% ntawm nws qhov ntev. Ua tsaug rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm Philip Kim, thiab tom qab ntawd cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Columbia University, nws tau pom tias cov khoom no tseem muaj hluav taws xob ntau dua li yav dhau los pom. Kim muab graphene tso rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev uas tsis muaj lwm yam khoom siv tuaj yeem ua rau qeeb qeeb ntawm nws cov subatomic hais, thiab pom tias nws muaj "kev txav mus los" - qhov ceev ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob mus los ntawm semiconductor - 250 npaug sai dua silicon.
Tech race
Nyob rau xyoo 2010, rau xyoo tom qab kev tshawb pom los ntawm Andrei Geim thiab Konstantin Novoselov, Nobel nqi zog tau muab tsub rau lawv tom qab tag nrho. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov xov xwm hu ua graphene yog "cov ntaub ntawv xav tsis thoob", ib yam khoom uas "yuav hloov lub ntiaj teb." Nws tau raug xa mus los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv physics, hluav taws xob engineering, tshuaj, chemistry, thiab lwm yam. Patents tau muab rau kev siv graphene hauv cov roj teeb, cov ntxaij vab tshaus hloov tau, dej desalination systems, cov hnub ci siab tshaj plaws, ultra-ceev microcomputers.
Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv Suav teb tau tsim lub ntiaj teb cov khoom siv tshaj plaws - graphene airgel. Nws yog 7 lub sij hawm sib zog dua huab cua - ib lub cubic meter ntawm qhov hnyav tsuas yog 160 g. Graphene airgel yog tsim los ntawm khov-qhuav ib gel uas muaj graphene thiab nanotubes.
Rau University of Manchester,Qhov twg Game thiab Novoselov ua haujlwm, tsoomfwv Askiv tau nqis peev $ 60 lab los tsim National Graphene Institute ntawm nws lub hauv paus, uas yuav tso cai rau lub tebchaws nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib raug zoo nrog lub ntiaj teb cov neeg tuav ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws - Kaus Lim Kauslim, Tuam Tshoj thiab Tebchaws Meskas, uas tau pib lub tebchaws. haiv neeg los tsim lub ntiaj teb thawj cov khoom hloov pauv raws li cov khoom siv tshiab.
Nkauj koob tsheej thiab khoom plig
Ib qho kev sim nrog sib nqus levitation ntawm cov qav nyob tsis tau coj qhov tshwm sim uas Michael Berry thiab Andrey Game xav tau. Qhov khoom plig Ig Nobel tau muab rau lawv hauv 2000
In 2006 Game tau txais Scientific American 50 khoom plig.
Nyob rau xyoo 2007, lub koom haum ntawm Physics muab nws qhov khoom plig Mott thiab khoom plig. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Game tau raug xaiv los ua tus khub ntawm Royal Society.
Game thiab Novoselov tau qhia txog 2008 Europhysics nqi zog "rau kev tshawb pom thiab kev cais tawm ntawm cov pa roj carbon monatomic txheej thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm nws cov khoom hluav taws xob zoo kawg li." Xyoo 2009, nws tau txais Kerber Award.
Lub xyoo 2010 Andre Geim John Carthy Award los ntawm US National Academy of Sciences tau muab "rau nws qhov kev sim ua kom pom tseeb thiab kawm txog graphene, daim ntawv ob sab ntawm carbon."
Tsis tas li hauv 2010, nws tau txais ib qho ntawm rau rau tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Royal Society thiab Hughes Medal "rau kev hloov pauv kev tshawb pom ntawm graphene thiab nws cov khoom zoo kawg nkaus." Geim tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo kws kho mob los ntawm Delft University of Technology, ETH Zurich, UniversitiesAntwerp thiab Manchester.
Hauv xyoo 2010 nws tau txais qhov Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Netherlands Lion rau nws txoj kev koom tes rau Dutch science. Hauv 2012, rau kev pabcuam rau kev tshawb fawb, Game tau nce mus rau bachelor knights. Nws tau raug xaiv los ua Tus Tswvcuab Txawv Tebchaws ntawm Tebchaws Meskas Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb hauv lub Tsib Hlis 2012
Nobel Laureate
Game thiab Novoselov tau txais 2010 Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics rau lawv txoj haujlwm pioneering ntawm graphene. Hnub hais txog qhov khoom plig, Game hais tias nws tsis xav tias yuav tau txais xyoo no thiab tsis muaj kev npaj hloov nws cov phiaj xwm tam sim ntawd. Ib tug niaj hnub physicist tau qhia qhov kev cia siab tias graphene thiab lwm yam ob-seem siv lead ua yuav hloov lub neej niaj hnub ntawm noob neej nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev uas yas tau ua. Qhov khoom plig ua rau nws yog thawj tus neeg tau yeej ob qho khoom plig Nobel thiab Ig Nobel nqi zog tib lub sijhawm. Kev qhuab qhia tau tshwm sim rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 8, 2010 ntawm Stockholm University.
